#ifndef HIDDEN_IN_VISUAL_STUDIO // 折りたたみ用 // 警告の抑制 #define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS // ライブラリの読み込み #include using namespace std; // 型名の短縮 using ll = long long; // -2^63 ~ 2^63 = 9 * 10^18(int は -2^31 ~ 2^31 = 2 * 10^9) using pii = pair; using pll = pair; using pil = pair; using pli = pair; using vi = vector; using vvi = vector; using vvvi = vector; using vl = vector; using vvl = vector; using vvvl = vector; using vb = vector; using vvb = vector; using vvvb = vector; using vc = vector; using vvc = vector; using vvvc = vector; using vd = vector; using vvd = vector; using vvvd = vector; template using priority_queue_rev = priority_queue, greater>; using Graph = vvi; // 定数の定義 const double PI = 3.14159265359; const double DEG = PI / 180.; // θ [deg] = θ * DEG [rad] const vi dx4 = { 1, 0, -1, 0 }; // 4 近傍(下,右,上,左) const vi dy4 = { 0, 1, 0, -1 }; const vi dx8 = { 1, 1, 0, -1, -1, -1, 0, 1 }; // 8 近傍 const vi dy8 = { 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, -1, -1, -1 }; const int INF = 1001001001; const ll INFL = 4004004004004004004LL; const double EPS = 1e-10; // 許容誤差に応じて調整 // 入出力高速化 struct fast_io { fast_io() { cin.tie(nullptr); ios::sync_with_stdio(false); cout << fixed << setprecision(15); } } fastIOtmp; // 汎用マクロの定義 #define all(a) (a).begin(), (a).end() #define sz(x) ((int)(x).size()) #define distance (int)distance #define Yes(b) {cout << ((b) ? "Yes" : "No") << endl;} #define rep(i, n) for(int i = 0, i##_len = int(n); i < i##_len; ++i) // 0 から n-1 まで昇順 #define repi(i, s, t) for(int i = int(s), i##_end = int(t); i <= i##_end; ++i) // s から t まで昇順 #define repir(i, s, t) for(int i = int(s), i##_end = int(t); i >= i##_end; --i) // s から t まで降順 #define repe(v, a) for(const auto& v : (a)) // a の全要素(変更不可能) #define repea(v, a) for(auto& v : (a)) // a の全要素(変更可能) #define repb(set, d) for(int set = 0; set < (1 << int(d)); ++set) // d ビット全探索(昇順) #define repp(a) sort(all(a)); for(bool a##_perm = true; a##_perm; a##_perm = next_permutation(all(a))) // a の順列全て(昇順) #define repit(it, a) for(auto it = (a).begin(); it != (a).end(); ++it) // イテレータを回す(昇順) #define repitr(it, a) for(auto it = (a).rbegin(); it != (a).rend(); ++it) // イテレータを回す(降順) #define smod(n, m) ((((n) % (m)) + (m)) % (m)) // 非負mod #define uniq(a) {sort(all(a)); a.erase(unique(all(a)), a.end());} // 重複除去 // 汎用関数の定義 template inline ll pow(T n, int k) { ll v = 1; rep(i, k) v *= n; return v; } template inline bool chmax(T& M, const T& x) { if (M < x) { M = x; return true; } return false; } // 最大値を更新(更新されたら true を返す) template inline bool chmin(T& m, const T& x) { if (m > x) { m = x; return true; } return false; } // 最小値を更新(更新されたら true を返す) // 入出力用の >>, << のオーバーロード template inline istream& operator>> (istream& is, pair& p) { is >> p.first >> p.second; return is; } template inline ostream& operator<< (ostream& os, const pair& p) { os << "(" << p.first << "," << p.second << ")"; return os; } template inline istream& operator>> (istream& is, tuple& t) { is >> get<0>(t) >> get<1>(t) >> get<2>(t); return is; } template inline ostream& operator<< (ostream& os, const tuple& t) { os << "(" << get<0>(t) << "," << get<1>(t) << "," << get<2>(t) << ")"; return os; } template inline istream& operator>> (istream& is, tuple& t) { is >> get<0>(t) >> get<1>(t) >> get<2>(t) >> get<3>(t); return is; } template inline ostream& operator<< (ostream& os, const tuple& t) { os << "(" << get<0>(t) << "," << get<1>(t) << "," << get<2>(t) << "," << get<3>(t) << ")"; return os; } template inline istream& operator>> (istream& is, vector& v) { repea(x, v) is >> x; return is; } template inline ostream& operator<< (ostream& os, const vector& v) { repe(x, v) os << x << " "; return os; } template inline ostream& operator<< (ostream& os, const set& s) { repe(x, s) os << x << " "; return os; } template inline ostream& operator<< (ostream& os, const unordered_set& s) { repe(x, s) os << x << " "; return os; } template inline ostream& operator<< (ostream& os, const map& m) { repe(p, m) os << p << " "; return os; } template inline ostream& operator<< (ostream& os, const unordered_map& m) { repe(p, m) os << p << " "; return os; } template inline ostream& operator<< (ostream& os, stack s) { while (!s.empty()) { os << s.top() << " "; s.pop(); } return os; } template inline ostream& operator<< (ostream& os, queue q) { while (!q.empty()) { os << q.front() << " "; q.pop(); } return os; } template inline ostream& operator<< (ostream& os, deque q) { while (!q.empty()) { os << q.front() << " "; q.pop_front(); } return os; } template inline ostream& operator<< (ostream& os, priority_queue q) { while (!q.empty()) { os << q.top() << " "; q.pop(); } return os; } template inline ostream& operator<< (ostream& os, priority_queue_rev q) { while (!q.empty()) { os << q.top() << " "; q.pop(); } return os; } // 手元環境(Visual Studio) #ifdef _MSC_VER #define popcount (int)__popcnt // 全ビット中の 1 の個数 #define popcountll (int)__popcnt64 inline int lsb(unsigned int n) { unsigned long i; _BitScanForward(&i, n); return i; } // 最下位ビットの位置(0-indexed) inline int lsbll(unsigned long long n) { unsigned long i; _BitScanForward64(&i, n); return i; } inline int msb(unsigned int n) { unsigned long i; _BitScanReverse(&i, n); return i; } // 最上位ビットの位置(0-indexed) inline int msbll(unsigned long long n) { unsigned long i; _BitScanReverse64(&i, n); return i; } template T gcd(T a, T b) { return b ? gcd(b, a % b) : a; } #define dump(x) cout << "\033[1;36m" << (x) << "\033[0m" << endl; #define dumps(x) cout << "\033[1;36m" << (x) << "\033[0m "; #define dumpel(a) { int i = 0; cout << "\033[1;36m"; repe(x, a) {cout << i++ << ": " << x << endl;} cout << "\033[0m"; } #define input_from_file(f) ifstream isTMP(f); cin.rdbuf(isTMP.rdbuf()); #define output_to_file(f) ofstream osTMP(f); cout.rdbuf(osTMP.rdbuf()); // 提出用(gcc) #else #define popcount (int)__builtin_popcount #define popcountll (int)__builtin_popcountll #define lsb __builtin_ctz #define lsbll __builtin_ctzll #define msb(n) (31 - __builtin_clz(n)) #define msbll(n) (63 - __builtin_clzll(n)) #define gcd __gcd #define dump(x) #define dumps(x) #define dumpel(v) #define input_from_file(f) #define output_to_file(f) #endif #endif // 折りたたみ用 //-----------------AtCoder 専用----------------- #include using namespace atcoder; //using mint = modint1000000007; using mint = modint998244353; //using mint = modint; // mint::set_mod(m); template ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, segtree seg) { int n = seg.max_right(0, [](S x) {return true; }); rep(i, n) os << seg.get(i) << " "; return os; } template ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, lazy_segtree seg) { int n = seg.max_right(0, [](S x) {return true; }); rep(i, n) os << seg.get(i) << " "; return os; } istream& operator>> (istream& is, mint& x) { ll x_; is >> x_; x = x_; return is; } ostream& operator<< (ostream& os, const mint& x) { os << x.val(); return os; } using vm = vector; using vvm = vector; using vvvm = vector; //---------------------------------------------- //【半環】 /* * 半環 (S, add, o, mul, e) を表す(add は + を,mul は * をオーバーロードする) * * すなわち,(S, add, o) が可換モノイド,(S, mul, e) がモノイドで, * 分配律 : ∀a, b, c ∈ S, a(b + c) = a b + a c, (a + b)c = a c + b c * 零倍 : ∀a ∈ S, a o = o a = o * を満たすものとする. */ template struct Semiring { // 参考 : https://nyaannyaan.github.io/library/math/semiring.hpp S v; // 零元,単位元 static S o() { return o_(); } static S e() { return e_(); } // コンストラクタ Semiring() : v(o()) {} Semiring(S a) : v(a) {} // 比較 bool operator==(const Semiring& a) const { return v == a.v; } bool operator!=(const Semiring& a) const { return v != a.v; } // 和 Semiring& operator+=(const Semiring& a) { if (v == o()) return *this = a; if (a.v == o()) return *this; return *this = add(v, a.v); } Semiring operator+(const Semiring& a) const { return Semiring(*this) += a; } // 積 Semiring operator*(const Semiring& a) const { if (v == o() || a.v == o()) return o(); if (v == e()) return a; if (a.v == e()) return *this; return mul(v, a.v); } // 入出力 friend istream& operator>>(istream& is, Semiring& a) { is >> a.v; return is; } friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const Semiring& a) { #ifdef _MSC_VER if (a.v == o()) return os << "o"; if (a.v == e()) return os << "e"; #endif return os << a.v; } }; //【半環上の行列】 /* * 半環上の行列を表す構造体 * * Matrix(m, n) : O(m n) * m * n 零行列で初期化する. * 成分は半環 T = (S, add, o, mul, e) の元とする. * * Matrix(n) : O(n^2) * n * n 単位行列で初期化する. * * Matrix(a) : O(m n) * 配列 a の要素で初期化する. * * A + B / A - B : O(m n) * m * n 行列 A, B の和[差]を返す.+=[-=] も使用可. * * c * A / A * c : O(m n) * m * n 行列 A とスカラー c のスカラー積を返す. * * A * x / x * A : O(m n) * 行列ベクトル積[ベクトル行列積]を返す. * * A * B : O(l m n) * l * m 行列 A と m * n 行列 B の積を返す. * * pow(d) : O(n^3 log d) * 自身を d 乗した行列を返す. */ template struct Matrix { int m, n; // 行列のサイズ(m 行 n 列) vector> v; // 行列の成分 // コンストラクタ(初期化なし,零行列,単位行列,二次元配列) Matrix() {} Matrix(const int& m_, const int& n_) : m(m_), n(n_), v(m_, vector(n_)) {} Matrix(const int& n_) : m(n_), n(n_), v(n_, vector(n_)) { rep(i, n) v[i][i] = T::e(); } Matrix(const vector>& a) : m(sz(a)), n(sz(a[0])), v(a) {} // 代入 Matrix(const Matrix& b) = default; Matrix& operator=(const Matrix& b) = default; // 入力 friend istream& operator>>(istream& is, Matrix& a) { rep(i, a.m) rep(j, a.n) is >> a.v[i][j]; return is; } // アクセス vector const& operator[](int i) const { return v[i]; } vector& operator[](int i) { return v[i]; } // 比較 bool operator==(const Matrix& b) const { return m == b.m && n == b.n && v == b.v; } bool operator!=(const Matrix& b) const { return !(*this == b); } // 加算,減算 Matrix& operator+=(const Matrix& b) { rep(i, m) rep(j, n) v[i][j] += b.v[i][j]; return *this; } Matrix& operator-=(const Matrix& b) { rep(i, m) rep(j, n) v[i][j] -= b.v[i][j]; return *this; } Matrix operator+(const Matrix& b) const { Matrix a = *this; return a += b; } Matrix operator-(const Matrix& b) const { Matrix a = *this; return a -= b; } // 左右からのスカラー倍 Matrix operator*(const T& c) const { Matrix res(*this); rep(i, m) rep(j, n) res.v[i][j] = res.v[i][j] * c; return res; } friend Matrix operator*(const T& c, const Matrix& a) { Matrix res(a); rep(i, a.m) rep(j, a.n) res.v[i][j] = c * res.v[i][j]; return res; } // 行列ベクトル積 : O(m n) vector operator*(const vector& x) const { vector y(m); rep(i, m) rep(j, n) y[i] += v[i][j] * x[j]; return y; } // ベクトル行列積 : O(m n) friend vector operator*(const vector& x, const Matrix& a) { vector y(a.n); rep(i, a.m) rep(j, a.n) y[j] += x[i] * a.v[i][j]; return y; } // 積:O(n^3) Matrix operator*(const Matrix& b) const { Matrix res(m, b.n); rep(i, res.m) rep(j, res.n) rep(k, n) res.v[i][j] += v[i][k] * b.v[k][j]; return res; } // 累乗:O(n^3 log d) Matrix pow(ll d) const { Matrix res(n), pow2(*this); while (d > 0) { if ((d & 1) != 0) res = res * pow2; pow2 = pow2 * pow2; d /= 2; } return res; } // デバッグ出力用 friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const Matrix& a) { rep(i, a.m) { rep(j, a.n) os << a.v[i][j] << " "; os << endl; } return os; } }; //【加算 - 乗算 半環】 /* * 特に半環上の正方行列に自然に和と積を定めれば,これもまた(非可換)半環となる. */ using S1 = mint; S1 add(S1 x, S1 y) { return x + y; } S1 o1() { return 0; } S1 mul(S1 x, S1 y) { return x * y; } S1 e1() { return 1; } using T = Semiring; int main() { // input_from_file("input.txt"); // output_to_file("output.txt"); int n, m; ll t; cin >> n >> m >> t; Matrix v(n, n); rep(i, m) { int s, t; cin >> s >> t; v[s][t] = v[t][s] = mint(1); } v = v.pow(t); cout << v[0][0] << endl; }