#Eki1009のものをお借りしました。(https://judge.yosupo.jp/submission/35450) mod = 998244353 sum_e = (911660635, 509520358, 369330050, 332049552, 983190778, 123842337, 238493703, 975955924, 603855026, 856644456, 131300601, 842657263, 730768835, 942482514, 806263778, 151565301, 510815449, 503497456, 743006876, 741047443, 56250497) sum_ie = (86583718, 372528824, 373294451, 645684063, 112220581, 692852209, 155456985, 797128860, 90816748, 860285882, 927414960, 354738543, 109331171, 293255632, 535113200, 308540755, 121186627, 608385704, 438932459, 359477183, 824071951) def sqrt_mod(a): a %= mod if a < 2: return a k = (mod - 1) // 2 if pow(a, k, mod) != 1: return -1 b = 1 while pow(b, k, mod) == 1: b += 1 m, e = mod - 1, 0 while m % 2 == 0: m >>= 1 e += 1 x = pow(a, (m - 1) // 2, mod) y = a * x * x % mod x *= a x %= mod z = pow(b, m, mod) while y != 1: j, t = 0, y while t != 1: j += 1 t *= t t %= mod z = pow(z, 1 << (e - j - 1), mod) x *= z x %= mod z *= z z %= mod y *= z y %= mod e = j return x def inv_mod(a): a %= mod if a == 0: return 0 s, t = mod, a m0, m1 = 0, 1 while t: u = s // t s -= t * u m0 -= m1 * u s, t = t, s m0, m1 = m1, m0 if m0 < 0: m0 += mod // s return m0 fac_ = [1, 1] finv_ = [1, 1] inv_ = [1, 1] def fac(i): while i >= len(fac_): fac_.append(fac_[-1] * len(fac_) % mod) return fac_[i] def finv(i): while i >= len(inv_): inv_.append((-inv_[mod % len(inv_)]) * (mod // len(inv_)) % mod) while i >= len(finv_): finv_.append(finv_[-1] * inv_[len(finv_)] % mod) return finv_[i] def inv(i): while i >= len(inv_): inv_.append((-inv_[mod % len(inv_)]) * (mod // len(inv_)) % mod) return inv_[i] def butterfly(A): n = len(A) h = (n - 1).bit_length() for ph in range(1, h + 1): w = 1 << (ph - 1) p = 1 << (h - ph) now = 1 for s in range(w): offset = s << (h - ph + 1) for i in range(p): l = A[i + offset] r = A[i + offset + p] * now A[i + offset] = (l + r) % mod A[i + offset + p] = (l - r) % mod now *= sum_e[(~s & -~s).bit_length() - 1] now %= mod def butterfly_inv(A): n = len(A) h = (n - 1).bit_length() for ph in range(h, 0, -1): w = 1 << (ph - 1) p = 1 << (h - ph) inow = 1 for s in range(w): offset = s << (h - ph + 1) for i in range(p): l = A[i + offset] r = A[i + offset + p] A[i + offset] = (l + r) % mod A[i + offset + p] = (mod + l - r) * inow % mod inow *= sum_ie[(~s & -~s).bit_length() - 1] inow %= mod iz = inv_mod(n) for i in range(n): A[i] *= iz A[i] %= mod def convolution(_A, _B): A = _A.copy() B = _B.copy() n = len(A) m = len(B) if not n or not m: return [] if min(n, m) <= 60: if n < m: n, m = m, n A, B = B, A res = [0] * (n + m - 1) for i in range(n): for j in range(m): res[i + j] += A[i] * B[j] res[i + j] %= mod return res z = 1 << (n + m - 2).bit_length() A += [0] * (z - n) B += [0] * (z - m) butterfly(A) butterfly(B) for i in range(z): A[i] *= B[i] A[i] %= mod butterfly_inv(A) return A[:n + m - 1] def autocorrelation(_A): A = _A.copy() n = len(A) if not n: return [] if n <= 60: res = [0] * (n + n - 1) for i in range(n): for j in range(n): res[i + j] += A[i] * A[j] res[i + j] %= mod return res z = 1 << (n + n - 2).bit_length() A += [0] * (z - n) butterfly(A) for i in range(z): A[i] *= A[i] A[i] %= mod butterfly_inv(A) return A[:n + n - 1] class FormalPowerSeries: def __init__(self, poly=[]): self.poly = [p % mod for p in poly] def __getitem__(self, key): if isinstance(key, slice): res = self.poly[key] return FormalPowerSeries(res) else: if key < 0: raise IndexError("list index out of range") if key >= len(self.poly): return 0 else: return self.poly[key] def __setitem__(self, key, value): if key < 0: raise IndexError("list index out of range") if key >= len(self.poly): self.poly += [0] * (key - len(self.poly) + 1) self.poly[key] = value % mod def __len__(self): return len(self.poly) def resize(self, size): if len(self) >= size: return self[:size] else: return FormalPowerSeries(self.poly + [0] * (size - len(self))) def shrink(self): while self.poly and self.poly[-1] == 0: self.poly.pop() def times(self, n): n %= mod res = [p * n for p in self.poly] return FormalPowerSeries(res) def __pos__(self): return self def __neg__(self): return self.times(-1) def __add__(self, other): if other.__class__ == FormalPowerSeries: s = len(self) t = len(other) n = min(s, t) res = [self[i] + other[i] for i in range(n)] if s >= t: res += self.poly[t:] else: res += other.poly[s:] return FormalPowerSeries(res) else: return self + FormalPowerSeries([other]) def __radd__(self, other): return self + other def __sub__(self, other): return self + (-other) def __rsub__(self, other): return (-self) + other def __mul__(self, other): if other.__class__ == FormalPowerSeries: res = convolution(self.poly, other.poly) return FormalPowerSeries(res) else: return self.times(other) def __rmul__(self, other): return self.times(other) def __lshift__(self, other): return FormalPowerSeries(([0] * other) + self.poly) def __rshift__(self, other): return self[other:] def square(self): res = autocorrelation(self.poly) return FormalPowerSeries(res) def inv(self, deg=-1): if deg == -1: deg = len(self) - 1 r = inv_mod(self[0]) m = 1 T = [0] * (deg + 1) T[0] = r res = FormalPowerSeries(T) while m <= deg: F = [0] * (2 * m) G = [0] * (2 * m) for j in range(min(len(self), 2 * m)): F[j] = self[j] for j in range(m): G[j] = res[j] butterfly(F) butterfly(G) for j in range(2 * m): F[j] *= G[j] F[j] %= mod butterfly_inv(F) for j in range(m): F[j] = 0 butterfly(F) for j in range(2 * m): F[j] *= G[j] F[j] %= mod butterfly_inv(F) for j in range(m, min(2 * m, deg + 1)): res[j] = -F[j] m <<= 1 return res #P/Q def __truediv__(self, other): if other.__class__ == FormalPowerSeries: return (self * other.inv()) else: return self * inv_mod(other) def __rtruediv__(self, other): return other * self.inv() #P,Qを多項式として見たときのPをQで割った商を求める def __floordiv__(self, other): if other.__class__ == FormalPowerSeries: if len(self) < len(other): return FormalPowerSeries() else: m = len(self) - len(other) + 1 res = (self[-1:-m-1:-1] * other[::-1].inv(m))[m-1::-1] return res else: return self * inv_mod(other) def __rfloordiv__(self, other): return other * self.inv() def __mod__(self, other): if len(self) < len(other): return self[:] else: res = self[:len(other) - 1] - ((self // other) * other)[:len(other) - 1] return res def differentiate(self, deg=-1): if deg == -1: deg = len(self) - 2 res = FormalPowerSeries([0] * (deg + 1)) for i in range(1, min(len(self), deg + 2)): res[i - 1] = self[i] * i return res def integrate(self, deg=-1): if deg == -1: deg = len(self) res = FormalPowerSeries([0] * (deg + 1)) for i in range(min(len(self), deg)): res[i + 1] = self[i] * inv(i + 1) return res def log(self, deg=-1): if deg == -1: deg = len(self) - 1 return (self.differentiate() * self.inv(deg - 1))[:deg].integrate() def exp(self, deg=-1): if deg == -1: deg = len(self) - 1 T = [0] * (deg + 1) T[0] = 1 #T:res^{-1} res = FormalPowerSeries(T) m = 1 F = [1] while m <= deg: G = T[:m] butterfly(G) FG = [F[i] * G[i] % mod for i in range(m)] butterfly_inv(FG) FG[0] -= 1 delta = [0] * (2 * m) for i in range(m): delta[i + m] = FG[i] eps = [0] * (2 * m) if m == 1: DF = [] else: DF = res.differentiate(m - 2).poly DF.append(0) butterfly(DF) for i in range(m): DF[i] *= G[i] DF[i] %= mod butterfly_inv(DF) for i in range(m - 1): eps[i] = self[i + 1] * (i + 1) % mod eps[i + m] = DF[i] - eps[i] eps[m - 1] = DF[m - 1] butterfly(delta) DH = [0] * (2 * m) for i in range(m - 1): DH[i] = eps[i] butterfly(DH) for i in range(2 * m): delta[i] *= DH[i] delta[i] %= mod butterfly_inv(delta) for i in range(m, 2 * m): eps[i] -= delta[i] eps[i] %= mod for i in range(2 * m - 1, 0, -1): eps[i] = (eps[i - 1] * inv(i) - self[i]) % mod eps[0] = -self[0] butterfly(eps) for i in range(m): DH[i] = res[i] DH[i + m] = 0 butterfly(DH) for i in range(2 * m): eps[i] *= DH[i] eps[i] %= mod butterfly_inv(eps) for i in range(m, min(2 * m, deg + 1)): res[i] = -eps[i] if 2 * m > deg: break F = [0] * (2 * m) G = [0] * (2 * m) for i in range(2 * m): F[i] = res[i] for i in range(m): G[i] = T[i] butterfly(F) butterfly(G) P = [F[i] * G[i] % mod for i in range(2 * m)] butterfly_inv(P) for i in range(m): P[i] = 0 butterfly(P) for i in range(2 * m): P[i] *= G[i] P[i] %= mod butterfly_inv(P) for i in range(m, 2 * m): T[i] = -P[i] m <<= 1 return res def __pow__(self, n, deg=-1): if deg == -1: deg = len(self) - 1 m = abs(n) for d, p in enumerate(self.poly): if p: break else: return FormalPowerSeries() if d * m >= len(self): return FormalPowerSeries() G = self[d:] G = ((G * inv_mod(p)).log() * m).exp() * pow(p, m, mod) res = FormalPowerSeries([0] * (d * m) + G.poly) if n >= 0: return res[:deg + 1] else: return res.inv()[:deg + 1] def sqrt(self, deg=-1): if deg == -1: deg = len(self) - 1 if len(self) == 0: return FormalPowerSeries() if self[0] == 0: for d in range(1, len(self)): if self[d]: if d & 1: return -1 if deg < d // 2: break res = self[d:].sqrt(deg - d // 2) if res == -1: return -1 res = res << (d // 2) return res return FormalPowerSeries() sqr = sqrt_mod(self[0]) if sqr == -1: return -1 T = [0] * (deg + 1) T[0] = sqr res = FormalPowerSeries(T) T[0] = inv_mod(sqr) #T:res^{-1} m = 1 two_inv = (mod + 1) // 2 F = [sqr] while m <= deg: for i in range(m): F[i] *= F[i] F[i] %= mod butterfly_inv(F) delta = [0] * (2 * m) for i in range(m): delta[i + m] = F[i] - self[i] - self[i + m] butterfly(delta) G = [0] * (2 * m) for i in range(m): G[i] = T[i] butterfly(G) for i in range(2 * m): delta[i] *= G[i] delta[i] %= mod butterfly_inv(delta) for i in range(m, min(2 * m, deg + 1)): res[i] = -delta[i] * two_inv if 2 * m > deg: break F = res.poly[:2 * m] butterfly(F) eps = [F[i] * G[i] % mod for i in range(2 * m)] butterfly_inv(eps) for i in range(m): eps[i] = 0 butterfly(eps) for i in range(2 * m): eps[i] *= G[i] eps[i] %= mod butterfly_inv(eps) for i in range(m, 2 * m): T[i] = -eps[i] m <<= 1 return res #各p_i(0<=i> 1] % G[i] res = [G[i][0] for i in range(size, size + m)] return res #f(x+a) def taylor_shift(self, a): a %= mod n = len(self) t = 1 F = self[:] G = FormalPowerSeries([0] * n) for i in range(n): F[i] *= fac(i) for i in range(n): G[i] = t * finv(i) t = t * a % mod res = (F * G[::-1])[n - 1:] for i in range(n): res[i] *= finv(i) return res #Q(P) def composition(self, P, deg=-1): if deg == -1: deg = len(self) - 1 k = int(deg ** 0.5 + 1) d = (deg + k) // k X = [FormalPowerSeries([1])] for i in range(k): X.append((X[i] * P)[:deg + 1]) Y = [FormalPowerSeries([0] * (deg + 1)) for _ in range(k)] for i in range(k): for j in range(d): if i * d + j > deg: break for t in range(deg + 1): if t >= len(X[j]): break Y[i][t] += X[j][t] * self[i * d + j] res = FormalPowerSeries([0] * (deg + 1)) Z = FormalPowerSeries([1]) for i in range(k): Y[i] = (Y[i] * Z)[:deg + 1] for j in range(len(Y[i])): res[j] += Y[i][j] Z = (Z * X[d])[:deg + 1] return res #[x^n]P/Qを求める def poly_coef(Q, P, n): while n: R = [0] * len(Q.poly) for i, q in enumerate(Q.poly): if i & 1: R[i] = -q else: R[i] = q R = FormalPowerSeries(R) P = P * R Q = Q * R if n & 1: P = P[1::2] else: P = P[::2] Q = Q[::2] n >>= 1 return P[0] def subset_sum(A, limit): C = [0] * (limit + 1) for a in A: C[a] += 1 res = FormalPowerSeries([0] * (limit + 1)) for i in range(1, limit + 1): for k in range(1, limit // i + 1): j = i * k res[j] += ((k & 1) * 2 - 1) * C[i] * inv(k) return res.exp(limit).poly def partition_function(n): res = FormalPowerSeries([0] * (n + 1)) res[0] = 1 for k in range(1, n+1): k1 = k * (3 * k + 1 )// 2 k2 = k * (3 * k - 1) // 2 if k2 > n: break if k1 <= n: res[k1] += 1 - (k & 1) * 2 if k2 <= n: res[k2] += 1 - (k & 1) * 2 return res.inv().poly def bernoulli_number(n): n += 1 Q = FormalPowerSeries([finv(i + 1) for i in range(n)]).inv(n - 1) res = [v * fac(i) % mod for i, v in enumerate(Q.poly)] return res def stirling_first(n): P = [] a = n while a: if a & 1: P.append(1) P.append(0) a >>= 1 res = FormalPowerSeries([1]) t = 0 for x in P[::-1]: if x: res *= FormalPowerSeries([-t, 1]) t += 1 else: res *= res.taylor_shift(-t) t *= 2 return res.poly def stirling_second(n): F = FormalPowerSeries([0] * (n + 1)) G = FormalPowerSeries([0] * (n + 1)) for i in range(n + 1): F[i] = pow(i, n, mod) * finv(i) G[i] = (1 - (i & 1) * 2) * finv(i) return (F * G)[:n + 1].poly def polynominal_interpolation(X, Y): n = len(X) size = 1 << (n - 1).bit_length() M = [FormalPowerSeries([1]) for _ in range(2 * size)] G = [0] * (2 * size) for i in range(n): M[size + i] = FormalPowerSeries([-X[i], 1]) for i in range(size - 1, 0, -1): M[i] = M[2 * i] * M[2 * i + 1] G[1] = M[1].differentiate() % M[1] for i in range(2, size + n): G[i] = G[i >> 1] % M[i] for i in range(n): G[size + i] = FormalPowerSeries([Y[i] * inv_mod(G[size + i][0])]) for i in range(size - 1, 0, -1): G[i] = G[2 * i] * M[2 * i + 1] + G[2 * i + 1] * M[2 * i] return G[1][:n] class Mat2: def __init__(self, a00=FormalPowerSeries([1]), a01=FormalPowerSeries(), a10=FormalPowerSeries(), a11=FormalPowerSeries([1])): self.a00 = a00 self.a01 = a01 self.a10 = a10 self.a11 = a11 def __mul__(self, other): if type(other) == Mat2: A00 = self.a00 * other.a00 + self.a01 * other.a10 A01 = self.a00 * other.a01 + self.a01 * other.a11 A10 = self.a10 * other.a00 + self.a11 * other.a10 A11 = self.a10 * other.a01 + self.a11 * other.a11 A00.shrink() A01.shrink() A10.shrink() A11.shrink() return Mat2(A00, A01, A10, A11) else: b0 = self.a00 * other[0] + self.a01 * other[1] b1 = self.a10 * other[0] + self.a11 * other[1] b0.shrink() b1.shrink() return (b0, b1) def __imul__(self, other): A00 = self.a00 * other.a00 + self.a01 * other.a10 A01 = self.a00 * other.a01 + self.a01 * other.a11 A10 = self.a10 * other.a00 + self.a11 * other.a10 A11 = self.a10 * other.a01 + self.a11 * other.a11 A00.shrink() A01.shrink() A10.shrink() A11.shrink() self.a0 = A0 self.a0 = A0 self.a0 = A0 self.a0 = A0 def _inner_naive_gcd(m, p): quo = p[0] // p[1] rem = p[0] - p[1] * quo b10 = m.a00 - m.a10 * quo b11 = m.a01 - m.a11 * quo rem.shrink() b10.shrink() b11.shrink() b10, m.a10 = m.a10, b10 b11, m.a11 = m.a11, b11 b10, m.a00 = m.a00, b10 b11, m.a01 = m.a01, b11 return (p[1], rem) def _inner_half_gcd(p): n, m = len(p[0]), len(p[1]) k = (n + 1) // 2 if m <= k: return Mat2() m1 = _inner_half_gcd((p[0] >> k, p[1] >> k)) p = m1 * p if len(p[1]) <= k: return m1 p = _inner_naive_gcd(m1, p) if len(p[1]) <= k: return m1 l = len(p[0]) - 1 j = 2 * k - 1 p = (p[0] >> j, p[1] >> j) return _inner_half_gcd(p) * m1 def _inner_poly_gcd(a, b): p = (a, b) p[0].shrink() p[1].shrink() n, m = len(p[0]), len(p[1]) if n < m: mat = _inner_poly_gcd(p[1], p[0]) mat.a00, mat.a01 = mat.a01, mat.a00 mat.a10, mat.a11 = mat.a11, mat.a10 return mat res = Mat2() while 1: m1 = _inner_half_gcd(p) p = m1 * p if len(p[1]) == 0: return m1 * res p = _inner_naive_gcd(m1, p) if len(p[1]) == 0: return m1 * res res = m1 * res def poly_gcd(a, b): p = (a, b) m = _inner_poly_gcd(a, b) p = m * p if len(p[0]): coef = inv_mod(p[0][-1]) p[0] *= coef return p[0] def poly_inv(f, g): p = (f, g) m = _inner_poly_gcd(f, g) _gcd = (m * p)[0] if len(_gcd) != 1: return -1 x = (FormalPowerSeries([1]), g) res = ((m * x)[0] % g) * inv_mod(_gcd[0]) res.shrink() return res import sys input=sys.stdin.readline write=sys.stdout.write def inv_sum(a,b,m): sz=1 while sz