import sys
input = sys.stdin.readline
N = int(input())
mod = 998244353

e = [[] for _ in range(N + 1)]
for x in range(2, N + 1):
  p = int(input())
  e[p].append(x)

s = [1]
vis = [0] * (N + 1)
vis[1] = 1
depth = [0] * (N + 1)
while len(s):
  x = s.pop()
  for y in e[x]:
    if vis[y]: continue
    vis[y] = 1
    s.append(y)
    depth[y] = depth[x] + 1

res = 1
for x in range(2, N + 1):
  if depth[x] > 1:
    res *= 2
    res %= mod
print(res)