#include namespace { #pragma GCC diagnostic push #pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wunused-function" #include #pragma GCC diagnostic pop using namespace std; using namespace atcoder; #define rep(i,n) for(int i = 0; i < (int)(n); i++) #define rrep(i,n) for(int i = (int)(n) - 1; i >= 0; i--) #define all(x) begin(x), end(x) #define rall(x) rbegin(x), rend(x) template bool chmax(T& a, const T& b) { if (a < b) { a = b; return true; } else return false; } template bool chmin(T& a, const T& b) { if (b < a) { a = b; return true; } else return false; } using ll = long long; using P = pair; using VI = vector; using VVI = vector; using VL = vector; using VVL = vector; using mint = modint998244353; } int main() { ios::sync_with_stdio(false); cin.tie(0); int n; cin >> n; VVI to(n); for(int i = 1; i < n; i++) { int p; cin >> p; p--; to[p].emplace_back(i); } // auto dfs = [&](auto&& self, int u) -> pair { // mint res1 = 1, res2 = 1; // for(int v: to[u]) { // auto [r1, r2] = self(self, v); // res1 *= r1; // res2 *= r1 + r2; // } // return {res1, res2}; // }; // mint ans = 1; int cnt = 0; for(int u: to[0]) cnt += to[u].size(); mint ans = mint(2).pow(cnt); cout << ans.val() << '\n'; }