#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
#include <atcoder/all>
using namespace atcoder;
using ll=long long;
using Graph=vector<vector<int>>;
#define MAX 1000
//#define MOD 1000000007
#define MOD 998244353
//#define INF 1000000000
#define INF 1000000000000000000

ll dfs(Graph &G,int v,int p,vector<ll> &multi){
  ll ret=1;
  for(int nv:G[v]){
    if(nv==p){
      continue;
    }
    multi[v]*=dfs(G,nv,v,multi)+1;
    multi[v]%=MOD;
    ret*=multi[nv];
    ret%=MOD;
  }
  return ret;
}

int main(){
  int N;
  cin>>N;
  vector<int> p(N);
  Graph G(N);
  for(int i=1;i<N;i++){
    cin>>p[i];
    p[i]--;
    G[p[i]].push_back(i);
  }

  vector<ll> multi(N,1);
  cout<<dfs(G,0,-1,multi)<<'\n';

}