import sys
input = sys.stdin.readline
N = int(input())
mod = 998244353

e = [[] for _ in range(N + 1)]
for x in range(2, N + 1):
  p = int(input())
  e[p].append(x)

s = [1]
vis = [0] * (N + 1)
parent = [0] * (N + 1)
vis[1] = 1
order = []
while len(s):
  x = s.pop()
  order.append(x)
  for y in e[x]:
    if vis[y]: continue
    parent[y] = x
    vis[y] = 1
    s.append(y)

order.reverse()
dp0 = [1] * (N + 1)
dp1 = [1] * (N + 1)
for x in order:
  for y in e[x]:
    if parent[x] == y: continue
    dp0[x] *= dp0[y]
    dp0[x] %= mod
    dp1[x] *= dp0[y] + dp1[y]
    dp1[x] %= mod
  if parent[x] <= 1:
    dp1[x] -= dp0[x]
    dp1[x] %= mod

print((dp0[1] + dp1[1]) % mod)