#include <stdio.h>
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
#include <atcoder/all>
using namespace atcoder;
using mint = modint998244353;
using namespace std;
#define rep(i,n) for(int i=0;i<(n);i++)
#define Inf 1000000001
vector<vector<int>> E;
mint dp[100005][2];

void dfs(int cur){
	dp[cur][0] = 1;
	//cout<<E[cur].size()<<endl;
	rep(i,E[cur].size()){
		int to = E[cur][i];
		dfs(to);
		mint x = dp[cur][0];
		mint y = dp[cur][1];
		
		dp[cur][0] = x * dp[to][0];
		dp[cur][1] = y * (dp[to][0] + dp[to][1]) + x * dp[to][1];
	}
	mint x = dp[cur][0],y = dp[cur][1];
	//cout<<x.val()<<','<<y.val()<<endl;
	dp[cur][0] = x;
	dp[cur][1] = x + y;
	if(cur!=0){
		dp[cur][0] += y;
		dp[cur][1] += y;
	}
}

int main(){
	
	int n;
	cin>>n;
	
	E.resize(n);
	rep(i,n-1){
		int p;
		cin>>p;
		p--;
		E[p].push_back(i+1);
	}
	dfs(0);
	/*
	rep(i,4){
		cout<<dp[i][0].val()<<','<<dp[i][1].val()<<endl;
	}
	*/
	cout<<dp[0][0].val()<<endl;
	
	return 0;
}