#include <stdio.h>
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
#include <atcoder/all>
using namespace atcoder;
using mint = modint998244353;
using namespace std;
#define rep(i,n) for(int i=0;i<(n);i++)
#define Inf 1000000001
long long get2(long long n){
	long long ok = 0,ng = 50000000;
	while(ng-ok>1LL){
		long long mid = (ok+ng)/2;
		if(mid*mid<=n)ok = mid;
		else ng = mid;
	}
	return ok%2;
}
int get(long long n){
	return (get2(n) ^ get2(n/2));
}

int main(){
	
	int _t;
	cin>>_t;
	
	rep(_,_t){
		long long L,R;
		cin>>L>>R;
		
		cout<<(get(L-1)^get(R))<<endl;
	}
		
	return 0;
}