from math import isqrt
for _ in range(int(input())):
    l, r = map(int, input().split())
    r += 1
    ans = 0
    while l < r:
        sql = isqrt(l)
        if sql * sql != l:
            sql += 1
        sqr = isqrt(r)
        if sqr * sqr != r:
            sqr += 1
        if sql % 2 == 0:
            sql += 1
        if sqr % 2 == 0:
            sqr += 1
        if sql < sqr:
            ans ^= ((sqr - sql) // 2) & 1
        l = (l + 1) // 2
        r = (r + 1) // 2
    print(ans)