#include <bits/stdc++.h>
#include <atcoder/all>
using namespace std;
using namespace atcoder;
typedef long long int ll;
typedef long double ld;
#define FOR(i,l,r) for(ll i=l;i<r;i++)
#define REP(i,n) FOR(i,0,n)
#define RFOR(i,l,r) for(ll i=r-1;i>=l;i--)
#define RREP(i,n) RFOR(i,0,n)
#define ALL(x) x.begin(),x.end()
#define PA pair<ll,ll>
#define F first
#define S second
#define BS(A,x) binary_search(ALL(A),x)
#define LB(A,x) (ll)(lower_bound(ALL(A),x)-A.begin())
#define UB(A,x) (ll)(upper_bound(ALL(A),x)-A.begin())
#define COU(A,x) (UB(A,x)-LB(A,x))
template<typename T>using min_priority_queue=priority_queue<T,vector<T>,greater<T>>;
using mint=modint1000000007;
//using mint=modint998244353;
void chmax(ll&a,ll b){a=max(a,b);}
void chmin(ll&a,ll b){a=min(a,b);}
void print(vector<ll>&A){REP(i,A.size()){if(i)cout<<" ";cout<<A[i];}cout<<endl;}
ld dist(ld x1,ld y1,ld x2,ld y2){return sqrtl((x1-x2)*(x1-x2)+(y1-y2)*(y1-y2));}
ll f(ll N){
  if(N<=0)return 0;
  ll M=sqrt(N);
  while(M*M>N)M--;
  while((M+1)*(M+1)<=N)M++;
  return (M+1)/2;
}
int main(){
  ll T;cin>>T;
  while(T--){
    ll L,R;cin>>L>>R;
    ll ans=0;
    REP(s,60){
      ll e=1LL<<s;
      if(e>R)break;
      ll l=(L-1)/e,r=R/e;
      ans=(ans+f(r)-f(l))%2;
    }
    cout<<ans<<endl;
  }
  return 0;
}