#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
typedef signed long long ll;

#define _P(...) (void)printf(__VA_ARGS__)
#define FOR(x,to) for(x=0;x<(to);x++)
#define FORR(x,arr) for(auto& x:arr)
#define FORR2(x,y,arr) for(auto& [x,y]:arr)
#define ALL(a) (a.begin()),(a.end())
#define ZERO(a) memset(a,0,sizeof(a))
#define MINUS(a) memset(a,0xff,sizeof(a))
template<class T> bool chmax(T &a, const T &b) { if(a<b){a=b;return 1;}return 0;}
template<class T> bool chmin(T &a, const T &b) { if(a>b){a=b;return 1;}return 0;}
//-------------------------------------------------------


int T;
ll L,R;
vector<ll> C;

ll hoge(ll V) {
	if(V==0) return 0;
	ll ret=0;
	
	ll a=sqrt(V);
	while((a+1)*(a+1)<=V) a++;
	while(a*a>V) a--;
	
	ll num=a+hoge(V/2);
	
	V/=4;
	a=sqrt(V);
	while((a+1)*(a+1)<=V) a++;
	while(a*a>V) a--;
	num-=a;
	return num%2;
}



void solve() {
	int i,j,k,l,r,x,y; string s;
	
	cin>>T;
	while(T--) {
		cin>>L>>R;
		x=hoge(R)^hoge(L-1);
		cout<<x<<endl;
	}
}


int main(int argc,char** argv){
	string s;int i;
	if(argc==1) ios::sync_with_stdio(false), cin.tie(0);
	FOR(i,argc-1) s+=argv[i+1],s+='\n'; FOR(i,s.size()) ungetc(s[s.size()-1-i],stdin);
	cout.tie(0); solve(); return 0;
}