import sys, random
input = lambda : sys.stdin.readline().rstrip()

write = lambda x: sys.stdout.write(x+"\n"); writef = lambda x: print("{:.12f}".format(x))
debug = lambda x: sys.stderr.write(x+"\n")
YES="Yes"; NO="No"; pans = lambda v: print(YES if v else NO); inf=10**18
LI = lambda : list(map(int, input().split()))
def debug(_l_):
    for s in _l_.split():
        print(f"{s}={eval(s)}", end=" ")
    print()
def dlist(*l, fill=0):
    if len(l)==1:
        return [fill]*l[0]
    ll = l[1:]
    return [dlist(*ll, fill=fill) for _ in range(l[0])]
sys.setrecursionlimit(3*10**5+10)

t = int(input())
for _ in range(t):
    l,r = list(map(int, input().split()))
    to = l+r
    num = to-2*l
    if num<=109:
        ans = 0
        for v in range(2*l, to+1, 1):
            if (v-2*l)%4<=1:
                ans ^= v
    else:
        k = ((l+r-1) - (2*l)) // 4
        ans = (k+1)%2
        for v in range(2*l+k*4+2, to+1):
            if (v-2*l)%4<=1:
                ans ^= v
    print(ans)