// >>> TEMPLATES #include using namespace std; using ll = long long; using ld = long double; using i32 = int32_t; using i64 = int64_t; using u32 = uint32_t; using u64 = uint64_t; #define int ll #define rep(i, n) for (int i = 0; i < (int)(n); i++) #define rep1(i, n) for (int i = 1; i <= (int)(n); i++) #define repR(i, n) for (int i = (int)(n)-1; i >= 0; i--) #define rep1R(i, n) for (int i = (int)(n); i >= 1; i--) #define loop(i, a, B) for (int i = a; i B; i++) #define loopR(i, a, B) for (int i = a; i B; i--) #define all(x) begin(x), end(x) #define allR(x) rbegin(x), rend(x) #define pb push_back #define eb emplace_back #define fst first #define snd second template auto constexpr inf_ = numeric_limits::max()/2-1; auto constexpr INF32 = inf_; auto constexpr INF64 = inf_; auto constexpr INF = inf_; #ifdef LOCAL #include "debug.hpp" #define oj_local(x, y) (y) #else #define dump(...) (void)(0) #define say(x) (void)(0) #define debug if (0) #define oj_local(x, y) (x) #endif template struct pque : priority_queue, Comp> { vector &data() { return this->c; } void clear() { this->c.clear(); } }; template using pque_max = pque>; template using pque_min = pque>; template ::value, int> = 0> ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, T const& a) { bool f = true; for (auto const& x : a) os << (f ? "" : " ") << x, f = false; return os; } template ::value, int> = 0> ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const T (&a)[N]) { bool f = true; for (auto const& x : a) os << (f ? "" : " ") << x, f = false; return os; } template ())), class = typename enable_if::value>::type> istream& operator>>(istream& is, T &a) { for (auto& x : a) is >> x; return is; } template ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, pair const& p) { return os << p.first << " " << p.second; } template istream& operator>>(istream& is, pair& p) { return is >> p.first >> p.second; } struct IOSetup { IOSetup() { cin.tie(nullptr); ios::sync_with_stdio(false); cout << fixed << setprecision(15); } } iosetup; template struct FixPoint : private F { constexpr FixPoint(F&& f) : F(forward(f)) {} template constexpr auto operator()(T&&... x) const { return F::operator()(*this, forward(x)...); } }; struct MakeFixPoint { template constexpr auto operator|(F&& f) const { return FixPoint(forward(f)); } }; #define MFP MakeFixPoint()| #define def(name, ...) auto name = MFP [&](auto &&name, __VA_ARGS__) template struct vec_impl { using type = vector::type>; template static type make_v(size_t n, U&&... x) { return type(n, vec_impl::make_v(forward(x)...)); } }; template struct vec_impl { using type = T; static type make_v(T const& x = {}) { return x; } }; template using vec = typename vec_impl::type; template auto make_v(Args&&... args) { return vec_impl::make_v(forward(args)...); } template void quit(T const& x) { cout << x << endl; exit(0); } template constexpr bool chmin(T& x, U const& y) { if (x > (T)y) { x = (T)y; return true; } return false; } template constexpr bool chmax(T& x, U const& y) { if (x < (T)y) { x = (T)y; return true; } return false; } template constexpr auto sumof(It b, It e) { return accumulate(b, e, typename iterator_traits::value_type{}); } template int sz(T const& x) { return x.size(); } template int lbd(C const& v, T const& x) { return lower_bound(begin(v), end(v), x)-begin(v); } template int ubd(C const& v, T const& x) { return upper_bound(begin(v), end(v), x)-begin(v); } constexpr ll mod(ll x, ll m) { assert(m > 0); return (x %= m) < 0 ? x+m : x; } constexpr ll div_floor(ll x, ll y) { assert(y != 0); return x/y - ((x^y) < 0 and x%y); } constexpr ll div_ceil(ll x, ll y) { assert(y != 0); return x/y + ((x^y) > 0 and x%y); } constexpr int dx[] = { 1, 0, -1, 0, 1, -1, -1, 1 }; constexpr int dy[] = { 0, 1, 0, -1, 1, 1, -1, -1 }; constexpr int popcnt(ll x) { return __builtin_popcountll(x); } mt19937_64 seed_{random_device{}()}; template Int rand(Int a, Int b) { return uniform_int_distribution(a, b)(seed_); } i64 irand(i64 a, i64 b) { return rand(a, b); } // [a, b] u64 urand(u64 a, u64 b) { return rand(a, b); } // template void shuffle(It l, It r) { shuffle(l, r, seed_); } template V &operator--(V &v) { for (auto &x : v) --x; return v; } template V &operator++(V &v) { for (auto &x : v) ++x; return v; } bool next_product(vector &v, int m) { repR (i, v.size()) if (++v[i] < m) return true; else v[i] = 0; return false; } bool next_product(vector &v, vector const& s) { repR (i, v.size()) if (++v[i] < s[i]) return true; else v[i] = 0; return false; } template int sort_unique(vec &v) { sort(begin(v), end(v)); v.erase(unique(begin(v), end(v)), end(v)); return v.size(); } template auto prefix_sum(It l, It r) { vector s = { 0 }; while (l != r) s.emplace_back(s.back() + *l++); return s; } template auto suffix_sum(It l, It r) { vector s = { 0 }; while (l != r) s.emplace_back(*--r + s.back()); reverse(s.begin(), s.end()); return s; } template T pop(vector &a) { auto x = a.back(); a.pop_back(); return x; } template T pop(priority_queue &a) { auto x = a.top(); a.pop(); return x; } template T pop(queue &a) { auto x = a.front(); a.pop(); return x; } template T pop_front(deque &a) { auto x = a.front(); a.pop_front(); return x; } template T pop_back(deque &a) { auto x = a.back(); a.pop_back(); return x; } template T pop_front(set &a) { auto x = *a.begin(); a.erase(a.begin()); return x; } template T pop_back(set &a) { auto it = prev(a.end()); auto x = *it; a.erase(it); return x; } template T pop_front(multiset &a) { auto it = a.begin(); auto x = *it; a.erase(it); return x; } template T pop_back(multiset &a) { auto it = prev(a.end()); auto x = *it; a.erase(it); return x; } // <<< int calc(int r, int k) { k %= 4; if (r < k) return 0; int m = (r-k)/4; int ans = 0; for (int x = (m+1)/4*4; x <= m; x++) { ans ^= x << 2; } if ((m+1)&1) ans ^= k; debug { int naive = 0; rep (x, r+1) if (x % 4 == k) { naive ^= x; } if (ans != naive) { dump(r, k, ans, naive); assert(ans == naive); } } return ans; } auto solve() { int L, R; cin >> L >> R; int ans = 0; rep (t, 2) { ans ^= calc(L+R, (2*L)+t); if (L > 0) ans ^= calc(2*L-1, (2*L)+t); } cout << ans << '\n'; debug { int naive = 0; for (int x = 2*L; x <= L+R; x++) { int y = x-2*L; if (y % 4 == 0 or y % 4 == 1) { naive ^= x; } } if (ans != naive) { dump(L, R); assert(ans == naive); } } } int32_t main() { int t; cin >> t; while (t--) { solve(); // cout << (solve() ? "YES" : "NO") << '\n'; debug { cerr << endl; } } }