#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
#include <atcoder/all>
using namespace atcoder;
using ll=long long;
using Graph=vector<vector<int>>;
#define INF 1000000000
#define MOD 998244353
#define MAX 300000

void solve(){
  ll L,R;
  cin>>L>>R;
  int l=R-L+1;
  if(l%8==0){
    cout<<0<<'\n';
  }else if(l%8==1){
    cout<<L+R<<'\n';
  }else if(l%8==2){
    cout<<1<<'\n';
  }else if(l%8==3){
    cout<<1<<'\n';
  }else if(l%8==4){
    cout<<1<<'\n';
  }else if(l%8==5){
    cout<<((L+R)^1)<<'\n';
  }else{
    cout<<0<<'\n';
  }
}

int main(){
  int T;
  cin>>T;
  for(int i=0;i<T;i++){
    solve();
  }
}