#include using namespace std; using ll=long long; int main(){ ios::sync_with_stdio(0); cin.tie(0); int t; cin >> t; while(t--){ ll L, R; cin >> L >> R; //k = L から k = (L + R) / 2までの総和 ll MID = (L + R) / 2; ll sumv = MID * (MID + 1) /2; MID -= L - 1; MID &= 1; sumv &= 1; if((L + R)&1){ cout << sumv << endl; }else{ cout << (MID ?(1^sumv^(L + R)): sumv )<< endl; } } }