using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Numerics;
using System.Text;
//using static CompLib.CompLib;
//using DataStructure;

namespace atcoder
{
    class Program
    {
        const int intMax = 1000000000;
        const long longMax = 2000000000000000000;
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            int T = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
            while (T-- > 0)
            {
                var LR = Console.ReadLine().Split().Select(long.Parse).ToArray();
                Console.WriteLine(solve(LR[0], LR[1]));
            }
            long solve(long l, long r)
            {
                long check(long x)
                {
                    if (x == 0) return 0;
                    long ok = 0;
                    long ng = 1000000001;
                    while (Math.Abs(ok - ng) > 1)
                    {
                        long mid = (ok + ng) / 2;
                        if (mid * mid <= x) ok = mid;
                        else ng = mid;
                    }
                    long ret = ok;
                    ok = 0;
                    ng = 1000000001;
                    while (Math.Abs(ok - ng) > 1)
                    {
                        long mid = (ok + ng) / 2;
                        if (2 * mid * mid <= x) ok = mid;
                        else ng = mid;
                    }
                    ret += ok;
                    return ret;
                }
                long ret = check(r) - check(l - 1);
                return ret % 2;
            }
        }
    }
}