#line 1 "/home/maspy/compro/library/my_template.hpp" #pragma GCC optimize("Ofast") #pragma GCC optimize("unroll-loops") #include using namespace std; using ll = long long; using pi = pair; using vi = vector; using u32 = unsigned int; using u64 = unsigned long long; using i128 = __int128; template using vc = vector; template using vvc = vector>; template using vvvc = vector>; template using vvvvc = vector>; template using vvvvvc = vector>; template using pq = priority_queue; template using pqg = priority_queue, greater>; #define vec(type, name, ...) vector name(__VA_ARGS__) #define vv(type, name, h, ...) \ vector> name(h, vector(__VA_ARGS__)) #define vvv(type, name, h, w, ...) \ vector>> name( \ h, vector>(w, vector(__VA_ARGS__))) #define vvvv(type, name, a, b, c, ...) \ vector>>> name( \ a, vector>>( \ b, vector>(c, vector(__VA_ARGS__)))) // https://trap.jp/post/1224/ #define FOR1(a) for (ll _ = 0; _ < ll(a); ++_) #define FOR2(i, a) for (ll i = 0; i < ll(a); ++i) #define FOR3(i, a, b) for (ll i = a; i < ll(b); ++i) #define FOR4(i, a, b, c) for (ll i = a; i < ll(b); i += (c)) #define FOR1_R(a) for (ll i = (a)-1; i >= ll(0); --i) #define FOR2_R(i, a) for (ll i = (a)-1; i >= ll(0); --i) #define FOR3_R(i, a, b) for (ll i = (b)-1; i >= ll(a); --i) #define FOR4_R(i, a, b, c) for (ll i = (b)-1; i >= ll(a); i -= (c)) #define overload4(a, b, c, d, e, ...) e #define FOR(...) overload4(__VA_ARGS__, FOR4, FOR3, FOR2, FOR1)(__VA_ARGS__) #define FOR_R(...) \ overload4(__VA_ARGS__, FOR4_R, FOR3_R, FOR2_R, FOR1_R)(__VA_ARGS__) #define FOR_subset(t, s) for (ll t = s; t >= 0; t = (t == 0 ? -1 : (t - 1) & s)) #define all(x) x.begin(), x.end() #define len(x) ll(x.size()) #define elif else if #define eb emplace_back #define mp make_pair #define mt make_tuple #define fi first #define se second #define stoi stoll ll SUM(vector &A) { ll sum = 0; for (auto &&a: A) sum += a; return sum; } template T SUM(vector &A) { T sum = T(0); for (auto &&a: A) sum += a; return sum; } #define MIN(v) *min_element(all(v)) #define MAX(v) *max_element(all(v)) #define LB(c, x) distance((c).begin(), lower_bound(all(c), (x))) #define UB(c, x) distance((c).begin(), upper_bound(all(c), (x))) #define UNIQUE(x) sort(all(x)), x.erase(unique(all(x)), x.end()) int popcnt(int x) { return __builtin_popcount(x); } int popcnt(u32 x) { return __builtin_popcount(x); } int popcnt(ll x) { return __builtin_popcountll(x); } int popcnt(u64 x) { return __builtin_popcountll(x); } // (0, 1, 2, 3, 4) -> (-1, 0, 1, 1, 2) int topbit(int x) { return (x == 0 ? -1 : 31 - __builtin_clz(x)); } int topbit(u32 x) { return (x == 0 ? -1 : 31 - __builtin_clz(x)); } int topbit(ll x) { return (x == 0 ? -1 : 63 - __builtin_clzll(x)); } int topbit(u64 x) { return (x == 0 ? -1 : 63 - __builtin_clzll(x)); } // (0, 1, 2, 3, 4) -> (-1, 0, 1, 0, 2) int lowbit(int x) { return (x == 0 ? -1 : __builtin_ctz(x)); } int lowbit(u32 x) { return (x == 0 ? -1 : __builtin_ctz(x)); } int lowbit(ll x) { return (x == 0 ? -1 : __builtin_ctzll(x)); } int lowbit(u64 x) { return (x == 0 ? -1 : __builtin_ctzll(x)); } template T pick(deque &que) { assert(que.size()); T a = que.front(); que.pop_front(); return a; } template T pick(pq &que) { assert(que.size()); T a = que.top(); que.pop(); return a; } template T pick(pqg &que) { assert(que.size()); T a = que.top(); que.pop(); return a; } template T pick(vc &que) { assert(que.size()); T a = que.back(); que.pop_back(); return a; } template T ceil(T x, U y) { return (x > 0 ? (x + y - 1) / y : x / y); } template T floor(T x, U y) { return (x > 0 ? x / y : (x - y + 1) / y); } template pair divmod(T x, U y) { T q = floor(x, y); return {q, x - q * y}; } ll binary_search(function check, ll ok, ll ng) { assert(check(ok)); while (abs(ok - ng) > 1) { auto x = (ng + ok) / 2; if (check(x)) ok = x; else ng = x; } return ok; } template double binary_search_real(F check, double ok, double ng, int iter = 100) { FOR(iter) { double x = (ok + ng) / 2; if (check(x)) { ok = x; } else { ng = x; } } return (ok + ng) / 2; } template inline bool chmax(T &a, const S &b) { return (a < b ? a = b, 1 : 0); } template inline bool chmin(T &a, const S &b) { return (a > b ? a = b, 1 : 0); } vi s_to_vi(const string &S, char first_char) { vi A(S.size()); FOR(i, S.size()) { A[i] = S[i] - first_char; } return A; } template vector cumsum(vector &A, int off = 1) { int N = A.size(); vector B(N + 1); FOR(i, N) { B[i + 1] = B[i] + A[i]; } if (off == 0) B.erase(B.begin()); return B; } template vc bincount(const vc &A, int size) { vc C(size); for (auto &&x: A) { ++C[x]; } return C; } template vector argsort(const vector &A) { // stable vector ids(A.size()); iota(all(ids), 0); sort(all(ids), [&](int i, int j) { return A[i] < A[j] || (A[i] == A[j] && i < j); }); return ids; } // A[I[0]], A[I[1]], ... template vc rearrange(const vc &A, const vc &I) { int n = len(I); vc B(n); FOR(i, n) B[i] = A[I[i]]; return B; } #line 1 "/home/maspy/compro/library/other/io.hpp" // based on yosupo's fastio #include namespace detail { template std::true_type check_value(int); template std::false_type check_value(long); } // namespace detail template struct is_modint : decltype(detail::check_value(0)) {}; template using is_modint_t = enable_if_t::value>; template using is_not_modint_t = enable_if_t::value>; struct Scanner { FILE *fp; char line[(1 << 15) + 1]; size_t st = 0, ed = 0; void reread() { memmove(line, line + st, ed - st); ed -= st; st = 0; ed += fread(line + ed, 1, (1 << 15) - ed, fp); line[ed] = '\0'; } bool succ() { while (true) { if (st == ed) { reread(); if (st == ed) return false; } while (st != ed && isspace(line[st])) st++; if (st != ed) break; } if (ed - st <= 50) { bool sep = false; for (size_t i = st; i < ed; i++) { if (isspace(line[i])) { sep = true; break; } } if (!sep) reread(); } return true; } template ::value, int> = 0> bool read_single(T &ref) { if (!succ()) return false; while (true) { size_t sz = 0; while (st + sz < ed && !isspace(line[st + sz])) sz++; ref.append(line + st, sz); st += sz; if (!sz || st != ed) break; reread(); } return true; } template ::value, int> = 0> bool read_single(T &ref) { if (!succ()) return false; bool neg = false; if (line[st] == '-') { neg = true; st++; } ref = T(0); while (isdigit(line[st])) { ref = 10 * ref + (line[st++] & 0xf); } if (neg) ref = -ref; return true; } template * = nullptr> bool read_single(T &ref) { long long val = 0; bool f = read_single(val); ref = T(val); return f; } bool read_single(double &ref) { string s; if (!read_single(s)) return false; ref = std::stod(s); return true; } bool read_single(char &ref) { string s; if (!read_single(s) || s.size() != 1) return false; ref = s[0]; return true; } template bool read_single(vector &ref) { for (auto &d: ref) { if (!read_single(d)) return false; } return true; } template bool read_single(pair &p) { return (read_single(p.first) && read_single(p.second)); } template bool read_single(tuple &p) { return (read_single(get<0>(p)) && read_single(get<1>(p)) && read_single(get<2>(p))); } template bool read_single(tuple &p) { return (read_single(get<0>(p)) && read_single(get<1>(p)) && read_single(get<2>(p)) && read_single(get<3>(p))); } void read() {} template void read(H &h, T &... t) { bool f = read_single(h); assert(f); read(t...); } Scanner(FILE *fp) : fp(fp) {} }; struct Printer { Printer(FILE *_fp) : fp(_fp) {} ~Printer() { flush(); } static constexpr size_t SIZE = 1 << 15; FILE *fp; char line[SIZE], small[50]; size_t pos = 0; void flush() { fwrite(line, 1, pos, fp); pos = 0; } void write(const char &val) { if (pos == SIZE) flush(); line[pos++] = val; } template ::value, int> = 0> void write(T val) { if (pos > (1 << 15) - 50) flush(); if (val == 0) { write('0'); return; } if (val < 0) { write('-'); val = -val; // todo min } size_t len = 0; while (val) { small[len++] = char(0x30 | (val % 10)); val /= 10; } for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++) { line[pos + i] = small[len - 1 - i]; } pos += len; } void write(const string &s) { for (char c: s) write(c); } void write(const char *s) { size_t len = strlen(s); for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++) write(s[i]); } void write(const double &x) { ostringstream oss; oss << fixed << setprecision(15) << x; string s = oss.str(); write(s); } void write(const long double &x) { ostringstream oss; oss << fixed << setprecision(15) << x; string s = oss.str(); write(s); } template * = nullptr> void write(T &ref) { write(ref.val); } template void write(const vector &val) { auto n = val.size(); for (size_t i = 0; i < n; i++) { if (i) write(' '); write(val[i]); } } template void write(const pair &val) { write(val.first); write(' '); write(val.second); } template void write(const tuple &val) { auto &[a, b, c] = val; write(a), write(' '), write(b), write(' '), write(c); } template void write(const tuple &val) { auto &[a, b, c, d] = val; write(a), write(' '), write(b), write(' '), write(c), write(' '), write(d); } template void write(const tuple &val) { auto &[a, b, c, d, e] = val; write(a), write(' '), write(b), write(' '), write(c), write(' '), write(d), write(' '), write(e); } template void write(const tuple &val) { auto &[a, b, c, d, e, f] = val; write(a), write(' '), write(b), write(' '), write(c), write(' '), write(d), write(' '), write(e), write(' '), write(f); } template void write(const array &val) { auto n = val.size(); for (size_t i = 0; i < n; i++) { if (i) write(' '); write(val[i]); } } void write(i128 val) { string s; bool negative = 0; if(val < 0){ negative = 1; val = -val; } while (val) { s += '0' + int(val % 10); val /= 10; } if(negative) s += "-"; reverse(all(s)); if (len(s) == 0) s = "0"; write(s); } }; Scanner scanner = Scanner(stdin); Printer printer = Printer(stdout); void flush() { printer.flush(); } void print() { printer.write('\n'); } template void print(Head &&head, Tail &&... tail) { printer.write(head); if (sizeof...(Tail)) printer.write(' '); print(forward(tail)...); } void read() {} template void read(Head &head, Tail &... tail) { scanner.read(head); read(tail...); } #define INT(...) \ int __VA_ARGS__; \ read(__VA_ARGS__) #define LL(...) \ ll __VA_ARGS__; \ read(__VA_ARGS__) #define STR(...) \ string __VA_ARGS__; \ read(__VA_ARGS__) #define CHAR(...) \ char __VA_ARGS__; \ read(__VA_ARGS__) #define DBL(...) \ double __VA_ARGS__; \ read(__VA_ARGS__) #define VEC(type, name, size) \ vector name(size); \ read(name) #define VV(type, name, h, w) \ vector> name(h, vector(w)); \ read(name) void YES(bool t = 1) { print(t ? "YES" : "NO"); } void NO(bool t = 1) { YES(!t); } void Yes(bool t = 1) { print(t ? "Yes" : "No"); } void No(bool t = 1) { Yes(!t); } void yes(bool t = 1) { print(t ? "yes" : "no"); } void no(bool t = 1) { yes(!t); } #line 2 "/home/maspy/compro/library/graph/base.hpp" template struct Edge { int frm, to; T cost; int id; }; template struct Graph { int N, M; using cost_type = T; using edge_type = Edge; vector edges; vector indptr; vector csr_edges; vc vc_deg, vc_indeg, vc_outdeg; bool prepared; class OutgoingEdges { public: OutgoingEdges(const Graph* G, int l, int r) : G(G), l(l), r(r) {} const edge_type* begin() const { if (l == r) { return 0; } return &G->csr_edges[l]; } const edge_type* end() const { if (l == r) { return 0; } return &G->csr_edges[r]; } private: const Graph* G; int l, r; }; bool is_prepared() { return prepared; } constexpr bool is_directed() { return directed; } Graph() : N(0), M(0), prepared(0) {} Graph(int N) : N(N), M(0), prepared(0) {} void resize(int n) { N = n; } void add(int frm, int to, T cost = 1, int i = -1) { assert(!prepared); assert(0 <= frm && 0 <= to && to < N); if (i == -1) i = M; auto e = edge_type({frm, to, cost, i}); edges.eb(e); ++M; } // wt, off void read_tree(bool wt = false, int off = 1) { read_graph(N - 1, wt, off); } void read_graph(int M, bool wt = false, int off = 1) { for (int m = 0; m < M; ++m) { INT(a, b); a -= off, b -= off; if (!wt) { add(a, b); } else { T c; read(c); add(a, b, c); } } build(); } void read_parent(int off = 1) { for (int v = 1; v < N; ++v) { INT(p); p -= off; add(p, v); } build(); } void build() { assert(!prepared); prepared = true; indptr.assign(N + 1, 0); for (auto&& e: edges) { indptr[e.frm + 1]++; if (!directed) indptr[e.to + 1]++; } for (int v = 0; v < N; ++v) { indptr[v + 1] += indptr[v]; } auto counter = indptr; csr_edges.resize(indptr.back() + 1); for (auto&& e: edges) { csr_edges[counter[e.frm]++] = e; if (!directed) csr_edges[counter[e.to]++] = edge_type({e.to, e.frm, e.cost, e.id}); } } OutgoingEdges operator[](int v) const { assert(prepared); return {this, indptr[v], indptr[v + 1]}; } vc deg_array() { if (vc_deg.empty()) calc_deg(); return vc_deg; } pair, vc> deg_array_inout() { if (vc_indeg.empty()) calc_deg_inout(); return {vc_indeg, vc_outdeg}; } int deg(int v) { if (vc_deg.empty()) calc_deg(); return vc_deg[v]; } int in_deg(int v) { if (vc_indeg.empty()) calc_deg_inout(); return vc_indeg[v]; } int out_deg(int v) { if (vc_outdeg.empty()) calc_deg_inout(); return vc_outdeg[v]; } void debug() { print("Graph"); if (!prepared) { print("frm to cost id"); for (auto&& e: edges) print(e.frm, e.to, e.cost, e.id); } else { print("indptr", indptr); print("frm to cost id"); FOR(v, N) for (auto&& e: (*this)[v]) print(e.frm, e.to, e.cost, e.id); } } private: void calc_deg() { assert(vc_deg.empty()); vc_deg.resize(N); for (auto&& e: edges) vc_deg[e.frm]++, vc_deg[e.to]++; } void calc_deg_inout() { assert(vc_indeg.empty()); vc_indeg.resize(N); vc_outdeg.resize(N); for (auto&& e: edges) { vc_indeg[e.to]++, vc_outdeg[e.frm]++; } } }; #line 3 "/home/maspy/compro/library/graph/bfs01.hpp" template pair, vc> bfs01(Graph& G, ll v) { assert(G.is_prepared()); int N = G.N; vc dist(N, -1); vc par(N, -1); deque que; dist[v] = 0; que.push_front(v); while (!que.empty()) { auto v = que.front(); que.pop_front(); for (auto&& e: G[v]) { if (dist[e.to] == -1 || dist[e.to] > dist[e.frm] + e.cost) { dist[e.to] = dist[e.frm] + e.cost; par[e.to] = e.frm; if (e.cost == 0) que.push_front(e.to); else que.push_back(e.to); } } } return {dist, par}; } // 多点スタート。[dist, par, root] template tuple, vc, vc> bfs01(Graph& G, vc vs) { assert(G.is_prepared()); int N = G.N; vc dist(N, -1); vc par(N, -1); vc root(N, -1); deque que; for (auto&& v: vs) { dist[v] = 0; root[v] = v; que.push_front(v); } while (!que.empty()) { auto v = que.front(); que.pop_front(); for (auto&& e: G[v]) { if (dist[e.to] == -1 || dist[e.to] > dist[e.frm] + e.cost) { dist[e.to] = dist[e.frm] + e.cost; root[e.to] = root[e.frm]; par[e.to] = e.frm; if (e.cost == 0) que.push_front(e.to); else que.push_back(e.to); } } } return {dist, par, root}; } #line 2 "/home/maspy/compro/library/mod/modint.hpp" template struct modint { static constexpr bool is_modint = true; unsigned int val; constexpr modint(const long long val = 0) noexcept : val(val >= 0 ? val % mod : (mod - (-val) % mod) % mod) {} bool operator<(const modint &other) const { return val < other.val; } // To use std::map modint &operator+=(const modint &p) { if ((val += p.val) >= mod) val -= mod; return *this; } modint &operator-=(const modint &p) { if ((val += mod - p.val) >= mod) val -= mod; return *this; } modint &operator*=(const modint &p) { val = (unsigned int)(1LL * val * p.val % mod); return *this; } modint &operator/=(const modint &p) { *this *= p.inverse(); return *this; } modint operator-() const { return modint(get_mod() - val); } modint operator+(const modint &p) const { return modint(*this) += p; } modint operator-(const modint &p) const { return modint(*this) -= p; } modint operator*(const modint &p) const { return modint(*this) *= p; } modint operator/(const modint &p) const { return modint(*this) /= p; } bool operator==(const modint &p) const { return val == p.val; } bool operator!=(const modint &p) const { return val != p.val; } modint inverse() const { int a = val, b = mod, u = 1, v = 0, t; while (b > 0) { t = a / b; swap(a -= t * b, b), swap(u -= t * v, v); } return modint(u); } modint pow(int64_t n) const { modint ret(1), mul(val); while (n > 0) { if (n & 1) ret *= mul; mul *= mul; n >>= 1; } return ret; } static constexpr unsigned int get_mod() { return mod; } }; struct ArbitraryModInt { static constexpr bool is_modint = true; unsigned int val; ArbitraryModInt() : val(0) {} ArbitraryModInt(int64_t y) : val(y >= 0 ? y % get_mod() : (get_mod() - (-y) % get_mod()) % get_mod()) {} bool operator<(const ArbitraryModInt &other) const { return val < other.val; } // To use std::map static unsigned int &get_mod() { static unsigned int mod = 0; return mod; } static void set_mod(int md) { get_mod() = md; } ArbitraryModInt &operator+=(const ArbitraryModInt &p) { if ((val += p.val) >= get_mod()) val -= get_mod(); return *this; } ArbitraryModInt &operator-=(const ArbitraryModInt &p) { if ((val += get_mod() - p.val) >= get_mod()) val -= get_mod(); return *this; } ArbitraryModInt &operator*=(const ArbitraryModInt &p) { unsigned long long a = (unsigned long long)val * p.val; unsigned xh = (unsigned)(a >> 32), xl = (unsigned)a, d, m; asm("divl %4; \n\t" : "=a"(d), "=d"(m) : "d"(xh), "a"(xl), "r"(get_mod())); val = m; return *this; } ArbitraryModInt &operator/=(const ArbitraryModInt &p) { *this *= p.inverse(); return *this; } ArbitraryModInt operator-() const { return ArbitraryModInt(get_mod() - val); } ArbitraryModInt operator+(const ArbitraryModInt &p) const { return ArbitraryModInt(*this) += p; } ArbitraryModInt operator-(const ArbitraryModInt &p) const { return ArbitraryModInt(*this) -= p; } ArbitraryModInt operator*(const ArbitraryModInt &p) const { return ArbitraryModInt(*this) *= p; } ArbitraryModInt operator/(const ArbitraryModInt &p) const { return ArbitraryModInt(*this) /= p; } bool operator==(const ArbitraryModInt &p) const { return val == p.val; } bool operator!=(const ArbitraryModInt &p) const { return val != p.val; } ArbitraryModInt inverse() const { int a = val, b = get_mod(), u = 1, v = 0, t; while (b > 0) { t = a / b; swap(a -= t * b, b), swap(u -= t * v, v); } return ArbitraryModInt(u); } ArbitraryModInt pow(int64_t n) const { ArbitraryModInt ret(1), mul(val); while (n > 0) { if (n & 1) ret *= mul; mul *= mul; n >>= 1; } return ret; } }; template mint inv(int n) { static const int mod = mint::get_mod(); static vector dat = {0, 1}; assert(0 <= n); if (n >= mod) n %= mod; while (int(dat.size()) <= n) { int k = dat.size(); auto q = (mod + k - 1) / k; int r = k * q - mod; dat.emplace_back(dat[r] * mint(q)); } return dat[n]; } template mint fact(int n) { static const int mod = mint::get_mod(); static vector dat = {1, 1}; assert(0 <= n); if (n >= mod) return 0; while (int(dat.size()) <= n) { int k = dat.size(); dat.emplace_back(dat[k - 1] * mint(k)); } return dat[n]; } template mint fact_inv(int n) { static const int mod = mint::get_mod(); static vector dat = {1, 1}; assert(0 <= n && n < mod); while (int(dat.size()) <= n) { int k = dat.size(); dat.emplace_back(dat[k - 1] * inv(k)); } return dat[n]; } template mint C_dense(int n, int k) { static vvc C; static int H = 0, W = 0; auto calc = [&](int i, int j) -> mint { if (i == 0) return (j == 0 ? mint(1) : mint(0)); return C[i - 1][j] + (j ? C[i - 1][j - 1] : 0); }; if (W <= k) { FOR(i, H) { C[i].resize(k + 1); FOR(j, W, k + 1) { C[i][j] = calc(i, j); } } W = k + 1; } if (H <= n) { C.resize(n + 1); FOR(i, H, n + 1) { C[i].resize(W); FOR(j, W) { C[i][j] = calc(i, j); } } H = n + 1; } return C[n][k]; } template mint C(ll n, ll k) { assert(n >= 0); if (k < 0 || n < k) return 0; if (dense) return C_dense(n, k); if (!large) return fact(n) * fact_inv(k) * fact_inv(n - k); k = min(k, n - k); mint x(1); FOR(i, k) { x *= mint(n - i); } x *= fact_inv(k); return x; } template mint C_inv(ll n, ll k) { assert(n >= 0); assert(0 <= k && k <= n); if (!large) return fact_inv(n) * fact(k) * fact(n - k); return mint(1) / C(n, k); } // [x^d] (1-x) ^ {-n} の計算 template mint C_negative(ll n, ll d) { assert(n >= 0); if (d < 0) return mint(0); if (n == 0) { return (d == 0 ? mint(1) : mint(0)); } return C(n + d - 1, d); } using modint107 = modint<1000000007>; using modint998 = modint<998244353>; using amint = ArbitraryModInt; #line 5 "main.cpp" using mint = modint998; void solve() { LL(N); Graph G(N); FOR(v, 1, N) { LL(p); G.add(--p, v); } G.build(); auto [dist, par] = bfs01(G, 0); mint ANS = 1; FOR(v, 1, N) { ANS *= mint(dist[v]); } print(ANS); } signed main() { cout << fixed << setprecision(15); ll T = 1; // LL(T); FOR(T) solve(); return 0; }