#line 1 "library/Template/template.hpp" #include using namespace std; #define rep(i,a,b) for(int i=(int)(a);i<(int)(b);i++) #define ALL(v) (v).begin(),(v).end() using ll=long long int; const int inf = 0x3fffffff; const ll INF = 0x1fffffffffffffff; templateinline bool chmax(T& a,T b){if(ainline bool chmin(T& a,T b){if(a>b){a=b;return 1;}return 0;} #line 2 "library/Utility/fastio.hpp" #include class FastIO{ static constexpr int L=1<<16; char rdbuf[L]; int rdLeft=0,rdRight=0; inline void reload(){ int len=rdRight-rdLeft; memmove(rdbuf,rdbuf+rdLeft,len); rdLeft=0,rdRight=len; rdRight+=fread(rdbuf+len,1,L-len,stdin); } inline bool skip(){ for(;;){ while(rdLeft!=rdRight and rdbuf[rdLeft]<=' ')rdLeft++; if(rdLeft==rdRight){ reload(); if(rdLeft==rdRight)return false; } else break; } return true; } template::value,int> =0>inline bool _read(T& x){ if(!skip())return false; if(rdLeft+20>=rdRight)reload(); bool neg=false; if(rdbuf[rdLeft]=='-'){ neg=true; rdLeft++; } x=0; while(rdbuf[rdLeft]>='0' and rdLeft::value,int> =0>inline bool _read(T& x){ if(!skip())return false; if(rdLeft+20>=rdRight)reload(); bool neg=false; if(rdbuf[rdLeft]=='-'){ neg=true; rdLeft++; } x=0; while(rdbuf[rdLeft]>='0' and rdbuf[rdLeft]<='9' and rdLeft='0' and rdbuf[rdLeft]<='9' and rdLeft=rdRight)reload(); x=rdbuf[rdLeft++]; return true; } inline bool _read(string& x){ if(!skip())return false; for(;;){ int pos=rdLeft; while(pos' ')pos++; x.append(rdbuf+rdLeft,pos-rdLeft); if(rdLeft==pos)break; rdLeft=pos; if(rdLeft==rdRight)reload(); else break; } return true; } templateinline bool _read(vector& v){ for(auto& x:v){ if(!_read(x))return false; } return true; } char wtbuf[L],tmp[50]; int wtRight=0; inline void flush(){ fwrite(wtbuf,1,wtRight,stdout); wtRight=0; } inline void _write(const char& x){ if(wtRight>L-32)flush(); wtbuf[wtRight++]=x; } inline void _write(const string& x){ for(auto& c:x)_write(c); } template::value,int> =0>inline void _write(T x){ if(wtRight>L-32)flush(); if(x==0){ _write('0'); return; } else if(x<0){ _write('-'); if (__builtin_expect(x == std::numeric_limits::min(), 0)) { switch (sizeof(x)) { case 2: _write("32768"); return; case 4: _write("2147483648"); return; case 8: _write("9223372036854775808"); return; } } x=-x; } int pos=0; while(x!=0){ tmp[pos++]=char((x%10)|48); x/=10; } rep(i,0,pos)wtbuf[wtRight+i]=tmp[pos-1-i]; wtRight+=pos; } templateinline void _write(const vector& v){ rep(i,0,v.size()){ if(i)_write(' '); _write(v[i]); } } public: FastIO(){} ~FastIO(){flush();} inline void read(){} template inline void read(Head& head,Tail&... tail){ assert(_read(head)); read(tail...); } templateinline void write(){if(ln)_write('\n');} template inline void write(const Head& head,const Tail&... tail){ if(space)_write(' '); _write(head); write(tail...); } }; /** * @brief Fast IO */ #line 3 "sol.cpp" #line 2 "library/Math/modint.hpp" templatestruct fp { int v; static int get_mod(){return mod;} int inv() const{ int tmp,a=v,b=mod,x=1,y=0; while(b)tmp=a/b,a-=tmp*b,swap(a,b),x-=tmp*y,swap(x,y); if(x<0){x+=mod;} return x; } fp(ll x=0){init(x%mod+mod);} fp& init(ll x){v=(x=0); fp res=1,b=*this; while(t){if(t&1)res*=b;b*=b;t>>=1;} return res;} fp& operator+=(const fp& x){return init(v+x.v);} fp& operator-=(const fp& x){return init(v+mod-x.v);} fp& operator*=(const fp& x){v=ll(v)*x.v%mod; return *this;} fp& operator/=(const fp& x){v=ll(v)*x.inv()%mod; return *this;} fp operator+(const fp& x)const{return fp(*this)+=x;} fp operator-(const fp& x)const{return fp(*this)-=x;} fp operator*(const fp& x)const{return fp(*this)*=x;} fp operator/(const fp& x)const{return fp(*this)/=x;} bool operator==(const fp& x)const{return v==x.v;} bool operator!=(const fp& x)const{return v!=x.v;} friend istream& operator>>(istream& is,fp& x){return is>>x.v;} friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& os,const fp& x){return os<struct factorial { vector Fact,Finv,Inv; factorial(int maxx){ Fact.resize(maxx); Finv.resize(maxx); Inv.resize(maxx); Fact[0]=Fact[1]=Finv[0]=Finv[1]=Inv[1]=1; rep(i,2,maxx){Fact[i]=Fact[i-1]*i;} Finv[maxx-1]=Fact[maxx-1].inv(); for(int i=maxx-1;i>=2;i--){Finv[i-1]=Finv[i]*i; Inv[i]=Finv[i]*Fact[i-1];} } T fact(int n,bool inv=0){if(n<0)return 0; return (inv?Finv[n]:Fact[n]);} T inv(int n){if(n<0)return 0; return Inv[n];} T nPr(int n,int r,bool inv=0){if(n<0||nstruct NTT{ vector rt,irt; NTT(int lg=21){ unsigned m=T::get_mod()-1; T prt=p; rt.resize(lg); irt.resize(lg); rep(k,0,lg){ rt[k]=-prt.pow(m>>(k+2)); irt[k]=rt[k].inv(); } } void ntt(vector& f,bool inv=0){ int n=f.size(); if(inv){ for(int m=1;m>=1;){ T w=1; for(int s=0,t=0;s mult(const vector& a,const vector& b,bool same=0){ if(a.empty() or b.empty())return vector(); int n=a.size()+b.size()-1,m=1<<__lg(n*2-1); vector res(m); rep(i,0,a.size()){res[i]=a[i];} ntt(res); if(same)rep(i,0,m)res[i]*=res[i]; else{ vector c(m); rep(i,0,b.size())c[i]=b[i]; ntt(c); rep(i,0,m)res[i]*=c[i]; } ntt(res,1); res.resize(n); return res; } }; /** * @brief Number Theoretic Transform */ #line 2 "library/FPS/fps.hpp" templatestruct Poly:vector{ Poly(int n=0){this->assign(n,T());} Poly(const vector& f){this->assign(ALL(f));} T eval(const T& x){ T res; for(int i=this->size()-1;i>=0;i--)res*=x,res+=this->at(i); return res; } Poly rev()const{Poly res=*this; reverse(ALL(res)); return res;} void shrink(){while(!this->empty() and this->back()==0)this->pop_back();} vector mult(const vector& a,const vector& b,bool same=0)const{ if(a.empty() or b.empty())return vector(); int n=a.size()+b.size()-1,m=1<<__lg(n*2-1); vector res(m); rep(i,0,a.size())res[i]=a[i]; NTT(res,0); if(same)rep(i,0,m)res[i]*=res[i]; else{ vector c(m); rep(i,0,b.size())c[i]=b[i]; NTT(c,0); rep(i,0,m)res[i]*=c[i]; } NTT(res,1); res.resize(n); return res; } Poly square()const{return Poly(mult(*this,*this,1));} Poly operator-()const{return Poly()-*this;} Poly operator+(const Poly& g)const{return Poly(*this)+=g;} Poly operator+(const T& g)const{return Poly(*this)+=g;} Poly operator-(const Poly& g)const{return Poly(*this)-=g;} Poly operator-(const T& g)const{return Poly(*this)-=g;} Poly operator*(const Poly& g)const{return Poly(*this)*=g;} Poly operator*(const T& g)const{return Poly(*this)*=g;} Poly operator/(const Poly& g)const{return Poly(*this)/=g;} Poly operator%(const Poly& g)const{return Poly(*this)%=g;} Poly& operator+=(const Poly& g){ if(g.size()>this->size())this->resize(g.size()); rep(i,0,g.size()){(*this)[i]+=g[i];} return *this; } Poly& operator+=(const T& g){ if(this->empty())this->push_back(0); (*this)[0]+=g; return *this; } Poly& operator-=(const Poly& g){ if(g.size()>this->size())this->resize(g.size()); rep(i,0,g.size()){(*this)[i]-=g[i];} return *this; } Poly& operator-=(const T& g){ if(this->empty())this->push_back(0); (*this)[0]-=g; return *this; } Poly& operator*=(const Poly& g){ *this=mult(*this,g,0); return *this; } Poly& operator*=(const T& g){ rep(i,0,this->size())(*this)[i]*=g; return *this; } Poly& operator/=(const Poly& g){ if(g.size()>this->size()){ this->clear(); return *this; } Poly g2=g; reverse(ALL(*this)); reverse(ALL(g2)); int n=this->size()-g2.size()+1; this->resize(n); g2.resize(n); *this*=g2.inv(); this->resize(n); reverse(ALL(*this)); shrink(); return *this; } Poly& operator%=(const Poly& g){*this-=*this/g*g; shrink(); return *this;} Poly diff()const{ Poly res(this->size()-1); rep(i,0,res.size())res[i]=(*this)[i+1]*(i+1); return res; } Poly inte()const{ Poly res(this->size()+1); for(int i=res.size()-1;i;i--)res[i]=(*this)[i-1]/i; return res; } Poly log()const{ assert(this->front()==1); const int n=this->size(); Poly res=diff()*inv(); res=res.inte(); res.resize(n); return res; } Poly shift(const int& c)const{ const int n=this->size(); Poly res=*this,g(n); g[0]=1; rep(i,1,n)g[i]=g[i-1]*c/i; vector fact(n,1); rep(i,0,n){ if(i)fact[i]=fact[i-1]*i; res[i]*=fact[i]; } res=res.rev(); res*=g; res.resize(n); res=res.rev(); rep(i,0,n)res[i]/=fact[i]; return res; } Poly inv()const{ const int n=this->size(); Poly res(1); res.front()=T(1)/this->front(); for(int k=1;ksize(); if(n==1)return Poly({T(1)}); Poly b(2),c(1),z1,z2(2); b[0]=c[0]=z2[0]=z2[1]=1; b[1]=(*this)[1]; for(int k=2;k>1)z[i]=0; NTT(z,0); rep(i,0,k)z[i]*=-z1[i]; NTT(z,1); c.insert(c.end(),z.begin()+(k>>1),z.end()); z2=c; z2.resize(k*2); NTT(z2,0); Poly x=*this; x.resize(k); x=x.diff();x.resize(k); NTT(x,0); rep(i,0,k)x[i]*=y[i]; NTT(x,1); Poly bb=b.diff(); rep(i,0,k-1)x[i]-=bb[i]; x.resize(k*2); rep(i,0,k-1){x[k+i]=x[i]; x[i]=0;} NTT(x,0); rep(i,0,k*2)x[i]*=z2[i]; NTT(x,1); x.pop_back(); x=x.inte(); rep(i,k,min(n,k*2))x[i]+=(*this)[i]; rep(i,0,k)x[i]=0; NTT(x,0); rep(i,0,k*2)x[i]*=y[i]; NTT(x,1); b.insert(b.end(),x.begin()+k,x.end()); } b.resize(n); return b; } Poly pow(ll t){ if(t==0){ Poly res(this->size()); res[0]=1; return res; } int n=this->size(),k=0; while(k=n)return res; n-=t*k; Poly g(n); T c=(*this)[k],ic=c.inv(); rep(i,0,n)g[i]=(*this)[i+k]*ic; g=g.log(); for(auto& x:g)x*=t; g=g.exp(); c=c.pow(t); rep(i,0,n)res[i+t*k]=g[i]*c; return res; } void NTT(vector& a,bool inv)const; }; /** * @brief Formal Power Series (NTT-friendly mod) */ #line 7 "sol.cpp" using Fp=fp<998244353>; NTT ntt; template<>void Poly::NTT(vector& v,bool inv)const{return ntt.ntt(v,inv);} #line 2 "library/FPS/samplepointshift.hpp" templatePoly SamplePointsShift(vector& ys,T c,int m=-1){ ll n=ys.size()-1,C=c.v%T::get_mod(); if(m==-1)m=n+1; factorial fact(ys.size()); if(C<=n){ Poly res; rep(i,C,n+1)res.push_back(ys[i]); if(int(res.size())>=m){ res.resize(m); return res; } auto add=SamplePointsShift(ys,n+1,m-res.size()); for(int i=0;int(res.size())T::get_mod()){ auto res=SamplePointsShift(ys,c,T::get_mod()-c.v); auto add=SamplePointsShift(ys,0,m-res.size()); rep(i,0,add.size())res.push_back(add[i]); return res; } Poly A(n+1),B(m+n); rep(i,0,n+1){ A[i]=ys[i]*fact.fact(i,1)*fact.fact(n-i,1); if((n-i)&1)A[i]=-A[i]; } rep(i,0,m+n)B[i]=Fp(1)/(c-n+i); auto AB=A*B; vector res(m); Fp base=1; rep(x,0,n+1)base*=(c-x); rep(i,0,m){ res[i]=AB[n+i]*base; base*=(c+i+1); base*=B[i]; } return res; } /** * @brief Shift of Sampling Points of Polynomial */ #line 2 "library/Math/matrix.hpp" templatestruct Matrix{ int h,w; vector> val; T det; Matrix(){} Matrix(int n):h(n),w(n),val(vector>(n,vector(n))){} Matrix(int n,int m):h(n),w(m),val(vector>(n,vector(m))){} vector& operator[](const int i){return val[i];} Matrix& operator+=(const Matrix& m){ assert(h==m.h and w==m.w); rep(i,0,h)rep(j,0,w)val[i][j]+=m.val[i][j]; return *this; } Matrix& operator-=(const Matrix& m){ assert(h==m.h and w==m.w); rep(i,0,h)rep(j,0,w)val[i][j]-=m.val[i][j]; return *this; } Matrix& operator*=(const Matrix& m){ assert(w==m.h); Matrix res(h,m.w); rep(i,0,h)rep(j,0,m.w)rep(k,0,w)res.val[i][j]+=val[i][k]*m.val[k][j]; *this=res; return *this; } Matrix operator+(const Matrix& m)const{return Matrix(*this)+=m;} Matrix operator-(const Matrix& m)const{return Matrix(*this)-=m;} Matrix operator*(const Matrix& m)const{return Matrix(*this)*=m;} Matrix pow(ll k){ Matrix res(h,h),c=*this; rep(i,0,h)res.val[i][i]=1; while(k){if(k&1)res*=c; c*=c; k>>=1;} return res; } vector gauss(int c=-1){ if(val.empty())return {}; if(c==-1)c=w; int cur=0; vector res; det=1; rep(i,0,c){ if(cur==h)break; rep(j,cur,h)if(val[j][i]!=0){ swap(val[cur],val[j]); if(cur!=j)det*=-1; break; } det*=val[cur][i]; if(val[cur][i]==0)continue; rep(j,0,h)if(j!=cur){ T z=val[j][i]/val[cur][i]; rep(k,i,w)val[j][k]-=val[cur][k]*z; } res.push_back(i); cur++; } return res; } Matrix inv(){ assert(h==w); Matrix base(h,h*2),res(h,h); rep(i,0,h)rep(j,0,h)base[i][j]=val[i][j]; rep(i,0,h)base[i][h+i]=1; base.gauss(h); rep(i,0,h)rep(j,0,h)res[i][j]=base[i][h+j]/base[i][i]; return res; } bool operator==(const Matrix& m){ assert(h==m.h and w==m.w); rep(i,0,h)rep(j,0,w)if(val[i][j]!=m.val[i][j])return false; return true; } bool operator!=(const Matrix& m){ assert(h==m.h and w==m.w); rep(i,0,h)rep(j,0,w)if(val[i][j]==m.val[i][j])return false; return true; } friend istream& operator>>(istream& is,Matrix& m){ rep(i,0,m.h)rep(j,0,m.w)is>>m[i][j]; return is; } friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& os,Matrix& m){ rep(i,0,m.h){ rep(j,0,m.w)os<pair,Matrix> LinearEquation(Matrix a,vector b){ int h=a.h,w=a.w; rep(i,0,h)a[i].push_back(b[i]); a.w++; vector idx=a.gauss(w); rep(i,idx.size(),h)if(a[i][w]!=0)return {{},{}}; vector res(w); rep(i,0,idx.size())res[idx[i]]=a[i][w]/a[i][idx[i]]; Matrix d(w,h+w); rep(i,0,h)rep(j,0,w)d[j][i]=a[i][j]; rep(i,0,w)d[i][h+i]=1; int r=d.gauss(h).size(); Matrix basis(w-r,w); rep(i,r,w)basis[i-r]={d[i].begin()+h,d[i].end()}; return {res,basis}; } /** * @brief Linear Equation */ #line 5 "library/FPS/p-recursive.hpp" templateMatrix PrefixProdOfPolyMatrix(Matrix>& m,ll K){ using Mat=Matrix; int n=m.val.size(); int deg=1; rep(i,0,n)rep(j,0,n)chmax(deg,(int)m[i][j].size()-1); ll SQ=1; while(SQ*SQ*deg G(deg+1); rep(k,0,deg+1){ G[k]=Mat(n,n); rep(i,0,n)rep(j,0,n)G[k][i][j]=m[i][j].eval(SQ*k); } auto process=[&](vector& base,T x)->vector{ int D=base.size(); vector ret(D,Mat(n,n)); rep(i,0,n)rep(j,0,n){ vector val(D); rep(k,0,D)val[k]=base[k][i][j]; auto add=SamplePointsShift(val,x); rep(k,0,D)ret[k][i][j]=add[k]; } return ret; }; for(ll w=1;wvector> FindPRecursive(vector& a,int d){ int n=a.size(); int k=(n+2)/(d+2)-1; if(k<=0)return {}; int m=(d+1)*(k+1); Matrix mat(m-1,m); rep(i,0,m-1)rep(j,0,k+1){ T base=1; rep(deg,0,d+1){ mat[i][(d+1)*j+deg]=a[i+j]*base; base*=(i+j); } } auto basis=LinearEquation(mat,vector(m-1)).second; if(basis.val.empty())return {}; auto c=basis[0]; vector> ret; for(int i=0;i*(d+1)<(int)c.size();i++){ Poly add,base({T(i),T(1)}); for(int j=d;j>=0;j--){ add*=base; if(c[i*(d+1)+j]!=0)add+=c[i*(d+1)+j]; } ret.push_back(add); } while(ret.back().empty())ret.pop_back(); reverse(ALL(ret)); return ret; } templateT KthtermOfPRecursive(vector& a,vector>& fs,ll k){ int n=fs.size()-1; assert(int(a.size())>=n); if(k> m(n),den(1); Matrix base(n); rep(i,0,n)m[0][i]=-fs[i+1]; rep(i,1,n)m[i][i-1]=fs[0]; den[0][0]=fs[0]; rep(i,0,n)base[i][0]=a[n-1-i]; T ret=(PrefixProdOfPolyMatrix(m,k-n+1)*base)[0][0]; ret/=PrefixProdOfPolyMatrix(den,k-n+1)[0][0]; return ret; } templateT KthtermEsper(vector& a,ll k){ if(k<(int)a.size())return a[k]; int n=a.size()-1; vector b=a; b.pop_back(); for(int d=0;;d++){ if((n+2)/(d+2)<=1)break; auto fs=FindPRecursive(b,d); if(KthtermOfPRecursive(b,fs,n)==a.back()){ return KthtermOfPRecursive(a,fs,k); } } cerr<<"esper Failed"<<'\n'; assert(0); } /** * @brief P-recursive */ #line 2 "library/FPS/multieval.hpp" templatestruct MultiEval{ int m,n; vector> t; MultiEval(vector& v){ m=v.size(),n=1; while(n({-w,T(1)}); } for(int i=n-1;i;i--)t[i]=t[i*2]*t[i*2+1]; } vector run(const vector& f){ if(f.empty())return vector(m); vector> c(n*2); auto v=t[1].rev(); v.resize(f.size()); v=v.inv().rev()*Poly(f); v.erase(v.begin(),v.begin()+f.size()-1); v.resize(n); reverse(ALL(v)); c[1]=v; rep(i,1,n){ int d=c[i].size(); rep(k,0,2){ auto add=t[i*2+(k^1)]; add.resize(d/2+1); add=add.rev(); add*=c[i]; add.resize(d); c[i*2+k]=vector(add.begin()+d/2,add.end()); } } vector res(m); rep(i,0,m)res[i]=c[n+i][0]; return res; } vector build(vector& ys){ auto w=t[1].rev(); w.resize(m+1); auto vs=run(w.rev().diff()); rep(i,0,m)ys[i]/=vs[i]; vector> c(n*2); rep(i,0,n){ if(i({ys[i]}); else c[n+i]=Poly({T()}); } for(int i=n-1;i;i--)c[i]=c[i*2]*t[i*2+1]+c[i*2+1]*t[i*2]; c[1]=vector(c[1].begin()+(n-m),c[1].end()); c[1].resize(m); return c[1]; } }; /** * @brief Multipoint Evaluation */ #line 13 "sol.cpp" FastIO io; void solve1(int t){ vector n(t),k(t); rep(i,0,t)io.read(n[i],k[i]); int m=1<<17; vector> subprod(m*2,Poly({Fp(1)})); using P=pair; vector que(m,vector

()); rep(i,0,t){ que[k[i]].push_back({n[i],i}); } rep(k,0,m)if(que[k].size()){ deque> deq; for(auto& [N,_]:que[k])deq.push_back(Poly({Fp(-N),Fp(1)})); while(deq.size()>1){ auto A=deq.front(); deq.pop_front(); auto B=deq.front(); deq.pop_front(); deq.push_back(A*B); } subprod[m+k]=deq.front(); } for(int i=m-1;i;i--)subprod[i]=subprod[i*2]*subprod[i*2+1]; vector ret(t); vector mat(m*2,Matrix>(2)),rui(m*2,Matrix>(2)); auto dfs=[&](auto& dfs,int L,int R,int id)->void{ if(R-L==1){ if(que[L].size()){ vector xs; for(auto& [x,_]:que[L])xs.push_back(x); MultiEval buf(xs); auto ys=buf.run(mat[id][0][0]%subprod[id]); rep(i,0,que[L].size())ret[que[L][i].second]=ys[i]; } rui[id][0][0]=Poly({Fp(-2*L),Fp(2)}); rui[id][0][1]=Poly({Fp(-L)*(L-1)/2,Fp(L)}); rui[id][1][0]=Poly({Fp(1)}); return; } int mid=(L+R)>>1; rep(i,0,2)rep(j,0,2)mat[id*2][i][j]=mat[id][i][j]%subprod[id]; dfs(dfs,L,mid,id*2); mat[id*2+1]=rui[id*2]*mat[id*2]; dfs(dfs,mid,R,id*2+1); rui[id]=rui[id*2+1]*rui[id*2]; return; }; mat[1][0][0]=mat[1][1][1]=Poly({Fp(1)}); dfs(dfs,0,m,1); rep(i,0,t)io.write(ret[i].v); } void solve2(int t){ while(t--){ ll n,k; io.read(n,k); if(k>=Fp::get_mod())io.write(0); else{ vector a(2); a[0]=1,a[1]=n*2; vector> fs(3); fs[0]=Poly({Fp(1)}); fs[1]=Poly({-n*2+2,2}); fs[2]=Poly({-n,Fp(1-n*2)/2,Fp(1)/2}); Fp ret=KthtermOfPRecursive(a,fs,k); io.write(ret.v); } } } int main(){ int t; io.read(t); if(t>5)solve1(t); else solve2(t); return 0; }