#ifndef hari64 #include // #pragma GCC target("avx2") // #pragma GCC optimize("O3") // #pragma GCC optimize("unroll-loops") #define debug(...) #else #include "viewer.hpp" #define debug(...) viewer::_debug(__LINE__, #__VA_ARGS__, __VA_ARGS__) #endif // clang-format off using namespace std;constexpr int INF=1001001001;constexpr long long INFll=1001001001001001001; templatebool chmax(T&a,const T&b){return abool chmin(T&a,const T&b){return a>b?a=b,1:0;} // clang-format on // clang-format off namespace internal{templateusing is_signed_int128=typename conditional::value||is_same::value,true_type,false_type>::type;templateusing is_unsigned_int128=typename conditional::value||is_same::value,true_type,false_type>::type;templateusing is_integral=typename conditional::value||is_signed_int128::value||is_unsigned_int128::value,true_type,false_type>::type; templateusing is_signed_int=typename conditional<(is_integral::value&&is_signed::value)||is_signed_int128::value,true_type,false_type>::type;templateusing is_unsigned_int=typename conditional<(is_integral::value&&is_unsigned::value)||is_unsigned_int128::value,true_type,false_type>::type;templateusing is_signed_int_t=enable_if_t::value>;templateusing is_unsigned_int_t=enable_if_t::value>; constexpr long long safe_mod(long long x,long long m){x%=m;if(x<0)x+=m;return x;}struct barrett{unsigned int _m;unsigned long long im;explicit barrett(unsigned int m):_m(m),im((unsigned long long)(-1)/m+1){}unsigned int umod()const{return _m;}unsigned int mul(unsigned int a,unsigned int b)const{unsigned long long z=a;z*=b;unsigned long long x=(unsigned long long)(((unsigned __int128)(z)*im)>>64);unsigned int v=(unsigned int)(z-x*_m);if(_m<=v)v+=_m;return v;}}; constexpr long long pow_mod_constexpr(long long x,long long n,int m){if(m==1)return 0;unsigned int _m=(unsigned int)(m);unsigned long long r=1;unsigned long long y=safe_mod(x,m);while(n){if(n&1)r=(r*y)%_m;y=(y*y)%_m;n>>=1;}return r;}constexpr pairinv_gcd(long long a,long long b){a=safe_mod(a,b);if(a==0)return{b,0};long long s=b,t=a;long long m0=0,m1=1;while(t){long long u=s/t;s-=t*u;m0-=m1*u;auto tmp=s;s=t;t=tmp;tmp=m0;m0=m1;m1=tmp;}if(m0<0)m0+=b/s;return{s,m0};} constexpr bool is_prime_constexpr(int n){if(n<=1)return false;if(n==2||n==7||n==61)return true;if(n%2==0)return false;long long d=n-1;while(d%2==0)d/=2;constexpr long long bases[3]={2,7,61};for(long long a:bases){long long t=d;long long y=pow_mod_constexpr(a,t,n);while(t!=n-1&&y!=1&&y!=n-1){y=y*y%n;t<<=1;}if(y!=n-1&&t%2==0)return false;}return true;}templateconstexpr bool is_prime=is_prime_constexpr(n);} // namespace internal templatestruct static_modint{using mint=static_modint;static constexpr int mod(){return m;}static mint raw(int v){mint x;x._v=v;return x;}static_modint():_v(0){}template* =nullptr>static_modint(T v){long long x=(long long)(v%(long long)(umod()));if(x<0)x+=umod();_v=(unsigned int)(x);}template* =nullptr>static_modint(T v){_v=(unsigned int)(v%umod());}unsigned int val()const{return _v;} mint&operator++(){_v++;if(_v==umod())_v=0;return*this;}mint&operator--(){if(_v==0)_v=umod();_v--;return*this;}mint operator++(int){mint result=*this;++*this;return result;}mint operator--(int){mint result=*this;--*this;return result;}mint&operator+=(const mint&rhs){_v+=rhs._v;if(_v>=umod())_v-=umod();return*this;}mint&operator-=(const mint&rhs){_v-=rhs._v;if(_v>=umod())_v+=umod();return*this;} mint&operator*=(const mint&rhs){unsigned long long z=_v;z*=rhs._v;_v=(unsigned int)(z%umod());return*this;}mint&operator/=(const mint&rhs){return*this=*this*rhs.inv();}mint operator+()const{return*this;}mint operator-()const{return mint()-*this;}mint pow(long long n)const{assert(0<=n);mint x=*this,r=1;while(n){if(n&1)r*=x;x*=x;n>>=1;}return r;}mint inv()const{if(prime){assert(_v);return pow(umod()-2);}else{auto eg=internal::inv_gcd(_v,m);assert(eg.first==1);return eg.second;}} friend mint operator+(const mint&lhs,const mint&rhs){return mint(lhs)+=rhs;}friend mint operator-(const mint&lhs,const mint&rhs){return mint(lhs)-=rhs;}friend mint operator*(const mint&lhs,const mint&rhs){return mint(lhs)*=rhs;}friend mint operator/(const mint&lhs,const mint&rhs){return mint(lhs)/=rhs;}friend bool operator==(const mint&lhs,const mint&rhs){return lhs._v==rhs._v;}friend bool operator!=(const mint&lhs,const mint&rhs){return lhs._v!=rhs._v;} friend ostream&operator<<(ostream&os,const mint&rhs){return os<>(istream&is,mint&rhs){long long v;is>>v;v%=(long long)(umod());if(v<0)v+=umod();;rhs._v=(unsigned int)v;return is;}static constexpr bool prime=internal::is_prime;private:unsigned int _v;static constexpr unsigned int umod(){return m;}}; constexpr int MOD = 998244353;using mint=static_modint;vectormint_factorial={mint(1)};/*n>1e8 ⇒ fast_modfact(deprecated)*/mint modfact(int n){assert(n<=100000000);if(int(mint_factorial.size())<=n){for(int i=mint_factorial.size();i<=n;i++){mint next=mint_factorial.back()*i;mint_factorial.push_back(next);}}return mint_factorial[n];} /*x s.t. x^2 ≡ a (mod Prime) or -1*/mint modsqrt(mint a){long long p=mint::mod();if(a.val()==1)return a;if(a.pow((p-1)>>1).val()!=1)return -1;mint b=1,one=1;while(b.pow((p-1)>>1).val()==1)b+=one;long long m=p-1,e=0;while(m%2==0)m>>=1,e++;mint x=a.pow((m-1)>>1);mint y=a*x*x;x*=a;mint z=b.pow(m);while(y!=1){long long j=0;mint t=y;while(t!=one)j++,t*=t;z=z.pow(1ll<<(e-j-1));x*=z;z*=z;y*=z;e=j;}return x;}mint nCk(int n,int k){if(k<0||nap;mint re=a;for(long long r=1;rstruct dynamic_modint{using mint=dynamic_modint;static int mod(){return(int)(bt.umod());} static mint raw(int v){mint x;x._v=v;return x;}dynamic_modint():_v(0){} template* =nullptr>dynamic_modint(T v){long long x=(v%(long long)(mod()));if(x<0)x+=mod();_v=(unsigned int)(x);} template* =nullptr>dynamic_modint(T v){_v=(unsigned int)(v%mod());} unsigned int val()const{return _v;} static void set_mod(int m){assert(1<=m);bt=internal::barrett(m);}mint&operator++(){_v++;if(_v==umod())_v=0;return*this;}mint&operator--(){if(_v==0)_v=umod();_v--;return*this;}mint operator++(int){mint result=*this;++*this;return result;}mint operator--(int){mint result=*this;--*this;return result;}mint&operator+=(const mint&rhs){_v+=rhs._v;if(_v>=umod())_v-=umod();return*this;}mint&operator-=(const mint&rhs){_v+=mod()-rhs._v;if(_v>=umod())_v-=umod();return*this;} mint&operator*=(const mint&rhs){_v=bt.mul(_v,rhs._v);return*this;}mint&operator/=(const mint&rhs){return*this=*this*rhs.inv();}mint operator+()const{return*this;}mint operator-()const{return mint()-*this;}mint pow(long long n)const{assert(0<=n);mint x=*this,r=1;while(n){if(n&1)r*=x;x*=x;n>>=1;}return r;}mint inv()const{auto eg=internal::inv_gcd(_v,mod());assert(eg.first==1);return eg.second;} friend mint operator+(const mint&lhs,const mint&rhs){return mint(lhs)+=rhs;}friend mint operator-(const mint&lhs,const mint&rhs){return mint(lhs)-=rhs;}friend mint operator*(const mint&lhs,const mint&rhs){return mint(lhs)*=rhs;}friend mint operator/(const mint&lhs,const mint&rhs){return mint(lhs)/=rhs;}friend bool operator==(const mint&lhs,const mint&rhs){return lhs._v==rhs._v;}friend bool operator!=(const mint&lhs,const mint&rhs){return lhs._v!=rhs._v;} friend ostream&operator<<(ostream&os,const mint&rhs){return os<>(istream&os,mint&rhs){long long v;os>>v;v%=(long long)(mod());if(v<0)v+=mod();;rhs._v=(unsigned int)v;return os;} private:unsigned int _v;static internal::barrett bt;static unsigned int umod(){return bt.umod();}};templateinternal::barrett dynamic_modint::bt(998244353); using dmint=dynamic_modint<-1>; // in main(), write "dmint::set_mod(mod);" // x ^ n (mod m) long long pow_mod(long long x,long long n,int m){assert(0<=n&&1<=m);if(m==1)return 0;internal::barrett bt((unsigned int)(m));unsigned int r=1,y=(unsigned int)(internal::safe_mod(x,m));while(n){if(n&1)r=bt.mul(r,y);y=bt.mul(y,y);n>>=1;}return r;} // y s.t. xy = 1 (mod m) && 0 <= y < m (require: gcd(x, m) == 1) long long inv_mod(long long x,long long m){assert(1<=m);auto z=internal::inv_gcd(x,m);assert(z.first==1);return z.second;} // (R,M) s.t. 0 <= R < M = lcm(m[i]) && R = x(mod M) where x = r[i] (mod m[i]) ∀i ∊ {0, ... , n - 1} paircrt(const vector&r,const vector&m){assert(r.size()==m.size());int n=int(r.size());long long r0=0,m0=1; for(int i=0;i=m){ans2+=n*(n-1)/2*(a/m);a%=m;}if(b>=m){ans2+=n*(b/m);b%=m;}unsigned long long y_max=a*n+b;if(y_max<(unsigned long long)m)break;n=(unsigned long long)(y_max/m);b=(unsigned long long)(y_max%m);swap(m,a);}return ans+ans2;} // primitive root constexpr int primitive_root_constexpr(int m){assert(internal::is_prime_constexpr(m));if(m==2)return 1;if(m==167772161)return 3;if(m==469762049)return 3;if(m==754974721)return 11;if(m==998244353)return 3; int divs[20]={};divs[0]=2;int cnt=1;int x=(m-1)/2;while(x%2==0)x/=2;for(int i=3;(long long)(i)*i<=x;i+=2){if(x%i==0){divs[cnt++]=i;while(x%i==0)x/=i;}}if(x>1)divs[cnt++]=x;for(int g=2;;g++){bool ok=true;for(int i=0;iconstexpr int primitive_root=primitive_root_constexpr(m); // nCK (mod prime) (n <= 10^9) (There is room for improvement) struct aribitary_prime_mod_combination{vectorfact,ifact,inv; // O(sz) aribitary_prime_mod_combination(int sz,long long mod):fact(sz+1),ifact(sz+1),inv(sz+1){assert(internal::is_prime_constexpr(mod));fact[0]=fact[1]=ifact[0]=ifact[1]=inv[1]=1;internal::barrett bt(mod);for(int i=2;i<=sz;i++){fact[i]=bt.mul(fact[i-1],i);inv[i]=MOD-bt.mul(inv[MOD%i],MOD/i);ifact[i]=bt.mul(ifact[i-1],inv[i]);}} // O(k) nCk = (Π_{i = n - k + 1}^{n} i) / k! long long nCk_smallK(long long n,long long k,long long mod){assert(n>=k);assert(n>=0&&k>=0);assert(int(ifact.size())>k);return fact[n]*ifact[k]*ifact[n-k];} }; // nCk (mod any int) (k, n <= 5000) vector>calc_nCk_table(long long mod,int table_sz=5000){vector>nCk_table(table_sz+1,vector(table_sz+1,0));nCk_table[0][0]=1;for(int i=1;i<=table_sz;++i){nCk_table[i][0]=1;for(int j=1;j<=table_sz;++j)nCk_table[i][j]=(nCk_table[i-1][j-1]+nCk_table[i-1][j])%mod;}return nCk_table;} // https://manabitimes.jp/math/1324 (高校数学の美しい物語 Lucasの定理とその証明) // https://w.atwiki.jp/uwicoder/pages/2118.html (uwicoder nCr mod mの求め方) // https://web.archive.org/web/20170202003812/http://www.dms.umontreal.ca/~andrew/PDF/BinCoeff.pdf // nCm (mod p^q) in O(log^2 n + q^4 log n log p + q^4 p log^3 p) long long generalization_of_lucas_theorem(long long n,long long m,long long p,long long q,long long pq){if(n<0||m<0||m>n)return 0;internal::barrett bt(pq);vectorfact(pq+1),ifact(pq+1);fact[0]=ifact[0]=1;for(int i=1;i<=pq;i++){if(i%p==0){fact[i]=fact[i-1];}else{fact[i]=bt.mul(fact[i-1],i);}ifact[i]=inv_mod(fact[i],pq);} long long z=n-m;int e0=0;for(long long u=n/p;u;u/=p)e0+=u;for(long long u=m/p;u;u/=p)e0-=u;for(long long u=z/p;u;u/=p)e0-=u;int em=0;for(long long u=n/pq;u;u/=p)em+=u;for(long long u=m/pq;u;u/=p)em-=u;for(long long u=z/pq;u;u/=p)em-=u;long long ret=1;while(n>0){ret=bt.mul(bt.mul(bt.mul(ret,fact[n%pq]),inv_mod(fact[m%pq],pq)),inv_mod(fact[z%pq],pq));n/=p;m/=p;z/=p;}ret=bt.mul(ret,pow_mod(p,e0,pq));if(!(p==2&&q>=3)&&em%2)ret=(pq-ret)%pq;return ret;} // mod <= 10^7 (The mod doesn't have to be a prime number!) verified with python's arbitrary precision integers long long nCk_lucas(long long n,long long k,long long mod){assert(mod<=10000000);vectorrems,mods;for(int p=2;p*p<=mod;++p){if(mod%p!=0)continue;int q=0;int pq=1;while(mod%p==0)q++,mod/=p,pq*=p;rems.push_back(generalization_of_lucas_theorem(n,k,p,q,pq));mods.push_back(pq);}if(mod!=1){rems.push_back(generalization_of_lucas_theorem(n,k,mod,1,mod));mods.push_back(mod);};return crt(rems,mods).first;} // clang-format on int main() { cin.tie(0); ios::sync_with_stdio(false); long long L, R, M; cin >> L >> R >> M; dmint::set_mod(M); dmint ans = 0; dmint f = 1; dmint g = 1; for (int i = 1; i < L; i++) { f *= i; g *= f; if (f == 0) { break; } } for (int i = L; i <= R; i++) { f *= i; g *= f; ans += g; if (f == 0) { break; } } cout << ans << endl; return 0; }