/** * date : 2023-01-06 21:42:40 */ #define NDEBUG using namespace std; // intrinstic #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include // utility namespace Nyaan { using ll = long long; using i64 = long long; using u64 = unsigned long long; using i128 = __int128_t; using u128 = __uint128_t; template using V = vector; template using VV = vector>; using vi = vector; using vl = vector; using vd = V; using vs = V; using vvi = vector>; using vvl = vector>; template struct P : pair { template P(Args... args) : pair(args...) {} using pair::first; using pair::second; P &operator+=(const P &r) { first += r.first; second += r.second; return *this; } P &operator-=(const P &r) { first -= r.first; second -= r.second; return *this; } P &operator*=(const P &r) { first *= r.first; second *= r.second; return *this; } template P &operator*=(const S &r) { first *= r, second *= r; return *this; } P operator+(const P &r) const { return P(*this) += r; } P operator-(const P &r) const { return P(*this) -= r; } P operator*(const P &r) const { return P(*this) *= r; } template P operator*(const S &r) const { return P(*this) *= r; } P operator-() const { return P{-first, -second}; } }; using pl = P; using pi = P; using vp = V; constexpr int inf = 1001001001; constexpr long long infLL = 4004004004004004004LL; template int sz(const T &t) { return t.size(); } template inline bool amin(T &x, U y) { return (y < x) ? (x = y, true) : false; } template inline bool amax(T &x, U y) { return (x < y) ? (x = y, true) : false; } template inline T Max(const vector &v) { return *max_element(begin(v), end(v)); } template inline T Min(const vector &v) { return *min_element(begin(v), end(v)); } template inline long long Sum(const vector &v) { return accumulate(begin(v), end(v), 0LL); } template int lb(const vector &v, const T &a) { return lower_bound(begin(v), end(v), a) - begin(v); } template int ub(const vector &v, const T &a) { return upper_bound(begin(v), end(v), a) - begin(v); } constexpr long long TEN(int n) { long long ret = 1, x = 10; for (; n; x *= x, n >>= 1) ret *= (n & 1 ? x : 1); return ret; } template pair mkp(const T &t, const U &u) { return make_pair(t, u); } template vector mkrui(const vector &v, bool rev = false) { vector ret(v.size() + 1); if (rev) { for (int i = int(v.size()) - 1; i >= 0; i--) ret[i] = v[i] + ret[i + 1]; } else { for (int i = 0; i < int(v.size()); i++) ret[i + 1] = ret[i] + v[i]; } return ret; }; template vector mkuni(const vector &v) { vector ret(v); sort(ret.begin(), ret.end()); ret.erase(unique(ret.begin(), ret.end()), ret.end()); return ret; } template vector mkord(int N,F f) { vector ord(N); iota(begin(ord), end(ord), 0); sort(begin(ord), end(ord), f); return ord; } template vector mkinv(vector &v) { int max_val = *max_element(begin(v), end(v)); vector inv(max_val + 1, -1); for (int i = 0; i < (int)v.size(); i++) inv[v[i]] = i; return inv; } vector mkiota(int n) { vector ret(n); iota(begin(ret), end(ret), 0); return ret; } template T mkrev(const T &v) { T w{v}; reverse(begin(w), end(w)); return w; } template bool nxp(vector &v) { return next_permutation(begin(v), end(v)); } template using minpq = priority_queue, greater>; } // namespace Nyaan // bit operation namespace Nyaan { __attribute__((target("popcnt"))) inline int popcnt(const u64 &a) { return _mm_popcnt_u64(a); } inline int lsb(const u64 &a) { return a ? __builtin_ctzll(a) : 64; } inline int ctz(const u64 &a) { return a ? __builtin_ctzll(a) : 64; } inline int msb(const u64 &a) { return a ? 63 - __builtin_clzll(a) : -1; } template inline int gbit(const T &a, int i) { return (a >> i) & 1; } template inline void sbit(T &a, int i, bool b) { if (gbit(a, i) != b) a ^= T(1) << i; } constexpr long long PW(int n) { return 1LL << n; } constexpr long long MSK(int n) { return (1LL << n) - 1; } } // namespace Nyaan // inout namespace Nyaan { template ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, const pair &p) { os << p.first << " " << p.second; return os; } template istream &operator>>(istream &is, pair &p) { is >> p.first >> p.second; return is; } template ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, const vector &v) { int s = (int)v.size(); for (int i = 0; i < s; i++) os << (i ? " " : "") << v[i]; return os; } template istream &operator>>(istream &is, vector &v) { for (auto &x : v) is >> x; return is; } istream &operator>>(istream &is, __int128_t &x) { string S; is >> S; x = 0; int flag = 0; for (auto &c : S) { if (c == '-') { flag = true; continue; } x *= 10; x += c - '0'; } if (flag) x = -x; return is; } istream &operator>>(istream &is, __uint128_t &x) { string S; is >> S; x = 0; for (auto &c : S) { x *= 10; x += c - '0'; } return is; } ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, __int128_t x) { if (x == 0) return os << 0; if (x < 0) os << '-', x = -x; string S; while (x) S.push_back('0' + x % 10), x /= 10; reverse(begin(S), end(S)); return os << S; } ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, __uint128_t x) { if (x == 0) return os << 0; string S; while (x) S.push_back('0' + x % 10), x /= 10; reverse(begin(S), end(S)); return os << S; } void in() {} template void in(T &t, U &...u) { cin >> t; in(u...); } void out() { cout << "\n"; } template void out(const T &t, const U &...u) { cout << t; if (sizeof...(u)) cout << sep; out(u...); } void outr() {} template void outr(const T &t, const U &...u) { cout << t; outr(u...); } struct IoSetupNya { IoSetupNya() { cin.tie(nullptr); ios::sync_with_stdio(false); cout << fixed << setprecision(15); cerr << fixed << setprecision(7); } } iosetupnya; } // namespace Nyaan // debug #ifdef NyaanDebug #define trc(...) (void(0)) #else #define trc(...) (void(0)) #endif #ifdef NyaanLocal #define trc2(...) (void(0)) #else #define trc2(...) (void(0)) #endif // macro #define each(x, v) for (auto&& x : v) #define each2(x, y, v) for (auto&& [x, y] : v) #define all(v) (v).begin(), (v).end() #define rep(i, N) for (long long i = 0; i < (long long)(N); i++) #define repr(i, N) for (long long i = (long long)(N)-1; i >= 0; i--) #define rep1(i, N) for (long long i = 1; i <= (long long)(N); i++) #define repr1(i, N) for (long long i = (N); (long long)(i) > 0; i--) #define reg(i, a, b) for (long long i = (a); i < (b); i++) #define regr(i, a, b) for (long long i = (b)-1; i >= (a); i--) #define fi first #define se second #define ini(...) \ int __VA_ARGS__; \ in(__VA_ARGS__) #define inl(...) \ long long __VA_ARGS__; \ in(__VA_ARGS__) #define ins(...) \ string __VA_ARGS__; \ in(__VA_ARGS__) #define in2(s, t) \ for (int i = 0; i < (int)s.size(); i++) { \ in(s[i], t[i]); \ } #define in3(s, t, u) \ for (int i = 0; i < (int)s.size(); i++) { \ in(s[i], t[i], u[i]); \ } #define in4(s, t, u, v) \ for (int i = 0; i < (int)s.size(); i++) { \ in(s[i], t[i], u[i], v[i]); \ } #define die(...) \ do { \ Nyaan::out(__VA_ARGS__); \ return; \ } while (0) namespace Nyaan { void solve(); } int main() { Nyaan::solve(); } // using namespace std; struct Barrett { using u32 = unsigned int; using i64 = long long; using u64 = unsigned long long; u32 m; u64 im; Barrett() : m(), im() {} Barrett(int n) : m(n), im(u64(-1) / m + 1) {} constexpr inline i64 quo(u64 n) { u64 x = u64((__uint128_t(n) * im) >> 64); u32 r = n - x * m; return m <= r ? x - 1 : x; } constexpr inline i64 rem(u64 n) { u64 x = u64((__uint128_t(n) * im) >> 64); u32 r = n - x * m; return m <= r ? r + m : r; } constexpr inline pair quorem(u64 n) { u64 x = u64((__uint128_t(n) * im) >> 64); u32 r = n - x * m; if (m <= r) return {x - 1, r + m}; return {x, r}; } constexpr inline i64 pow(u64 n, i64 p) { u32 a = rem(n), r = m == 1 ? 0 : 1; while (p) { if (p & 1) r = rem(u64(r) * a); a = rem(u64(a) * a); p >>= 1; } return r; } }; struct ArbitraryModInt { int x; ArbitraryModInt() : x(0) {} ArbitraryModInt(int64_t y) { int z = y % get_mod(); if (z < 0) z += get_mod(); x = z; } ArbitraryModInt &operator+=(const ArbitraryModInt &p) { if ((x += p.x) >= get_mod()) x -= get_mod(); return *this; } ArbitraryModInt &operator-=(const ArbitraryModInt &p) { if ((x += get_mod() - p.x) >= get_mod()) x -= get_mod(); return *this; } ArbitraryModInt &operator*=(const ArbitraryModInt &p) { x = rem((unsigned long long)x * p.x); return *this; } ArbitraryModInt &operator/=(const ArbitraryModInt &p) { *this *= p.inverse(); return *this; } ArbitraryModInt operator-() const { return ArbitraryModInt(-x); } ArbitraryModInt operator+(const ArbitraryModInt &p) const { return ArbitraryModInt(*this) += p; } ArbitraryModInt operator-(const ArbitraryModInt &p) const { return ArbitraryModInt(*this) -= p; } ArbitraryModInt operator*(const ArbitraryModInt &p) const { return ArbitraryModInt(*this) *= p; } ArbitraryModInt operator/(const ArbitraryModInt &p) const { return ArbitraryModInt(*this) /= p; } bool operator==(const ArbitraryModInt &p) const { return x == p.x; } bool operator!=(const ArbitraryModInt &p) const { return x != p.x; } ArbitraryModInt inverse() const { int a = x, b = get_mod(), u = 1, v = 0, t; while (b > 0) { t = a / b; swap(a -= t * b, b); swap(u -= t * v, v); } return ArbitraryModInt(u); } ArbitraryModInt pow(int64_t n) const { ArbitraryModInt ret(1), mul(x); while (n > 0) { if (n & 1) ret *= mul; mul *= mul; n >>= 1; } return ret; } friend ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, const ArbitraryModInt &p) { return os << p.x; } friend istream &operator>>(istream &is, ArbitraryModInt &a) { int64_t t; is >> t; a = ArbitraryModInt(t); return (is); } int get() const { return x; } inline unsigned int rem(unsigned long long p) { return barrett().rem(p); } static inline Barrett &barrett() { static Barrett b; return b; } static inline int &get_mod() { static int mod = 0; return mod; } static void set_mod(int md) { assert(0 < md && md <= (1LL << 30) - 1); get_mod() = md; barrett() = Barrett(md); } }; // #ifdef _MSC_VER #include #endif namespace atcoder { namespace internal { // @param m `1 <= m` // @return x mod m constexpr long long safe_mod(long long x, long long m) { x %= m; if (x < 0) x += m; return x; } // Fast modular multiplication by barrett reduction // Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrett_reduction // NOTE: reconsider after Ice Lake struct barrett { unsigned int _m; unsigned long long im; // @param m `1 <= m < 2^31` barrett(unsigned int m) : _m(m), im((unsigned long long)(-1) / m + 1) {} // @return m unsigned int umod() const { return _m; } // @param a `0 <= a < m` // @param b `0 <= b < m` // @return `a * b % m` unsigned int mul(unsigned int a, unsigned int b) const { // [1] m = 1 // a = b = im = 0, so okay // [2] m >= 2 // im = ceil(2^64 / m) // -> im * m = 2^64 + r (0 <= r < m) // let z = a*b = c*m + d (0 <= c, d < m) // a*b * im = (c*m + d) * im = c*(im*m) + d*im = c*2^64 + c*r + d*im // c*r + d*im < m * m + m * im < m * m + 2^64 + m <= 2^64 + m * (m + 1) < 2^64 * 2 // ((ab * im) >> 64) == c or c + 1 unsigned long long z = a; z *= b; #ifdef _MSC_VER unsigned long long x; _umul128(z, im, &x); #else unsigned long long x = (unsigned long long)(((unsigned __int128)(z)*im) >> 64); #endif unsigned int v = (unsigned int)(z - x * _m); if (_m <= v) v += _m; return v; } }; // @param n `0 <= n` // @param m `1 <= m` // @return `(x ** n) % m` constexpr long long pow_mod_constexpr(long long x, long long n, int m) { if (m == 1) return 0; unsigned int _m = (unsigned int)(m); unsigned long long r = 1; unsigned long long y = safe_mod(x, m); while (n) { if (n & 1) r = (r * y) % _m; y = (y * y) % _m; n >>= 1; } return r; } // Reference: // M. Forisek and J. Jancina, // Fast Primality Testing for Integers That Fit into a Machine Word // @param n `0 <= n` constexpr bool is_prime_constexpr(int n) { if (n <= 1) return false; if (n == 2 || n == 7 || n == 61) return true; if (n % 2 == 0) return false; long long d = n - 1; while (d % 2 == 0) d /= 2; constexpr long long bases[3] = {2, 7, 61}; for (long long a : bases) { long long t = d; long long y = pow_mod_constexpr(a, t, n); while (t != n - 1 && y != 1 && y != n - 1) { y = y * y % n; t <<= 1; } if (y != n - 1 && t % 2 == 0) { return false; } } return true; } template constexpr bool is_prime = is_prime_constexpr(n); // @param b `1 <= b` // @return pair(g, x) s.t. g = gcd(a, b), xa = g (mod b), 0 <= x < b/g constexpr std::pair inv_gcd(long long a, long long b) { a = safe_mod(a, b); if (a == 0) return {b, 0}; // Contracts: // [1] s - m0 * a = 0 (mod b) // [2] t - m1 * a = 0 (mod b) // [3] s * |m1| + t * |m0| <= b long long s = b, t = a; long long m0 = 0, m1 = 1; while (t) { long long u = s / t; s -= t * u; m0 -= m1 * u; // |m1 * u| <= |m1| * s <= b // [3]: // (s - t * u) * |m1| + t * |m0 - m1 * u| // <= s * |m1| - t * u * |m1| + t * (|m0| + |m1| * u) // = s * |m1| + t * |m0| <= b auto tmp = s; s = t; t = tmp; tmp = m0; m0 = m1; m1 = tmp; } // by [3]: |m0| <= b/g // by g != b: |m0| < b/g if (m0 < 0) m0 += b / s; return {s, m0}; } // Compile time primitive root // @param m must be prime // @return primitive root (and minimum in now) constexpr int primitive_root_constexpr(int m) { if (m == 2) return 1; if (m == 167772161) return 3; if (m == 469762049) return 3; if (m == 754974721) return 11; if (m == 998244353) return 3; int divs[20] = {}; divs[0] = 2; int cnt = 1; int x = (m - 1) / 2; while (x % 2 == 0) x /= 2; for (int i = 3; (long long)(i)*i <= x; i += 2) { if (x % i == 0) { divs[cnt++] = i; while (x % i == 0) { x /= i; } } } if (x > 1) { divs[cnt++] = x; } for (int g = 2;; g++) { bool ok = true; for (int i = 0; i < cnt; i++) { if (pow_mod_constexpr(g, (m - 1) / divs[i], m) == 1) { ok = false; break; } } if (ok) return g; } } template constexpr int primitive_root = primitive_root_constexpr(m); } // namespace internal } // namespace atcoder namespace atcoder { long long pow_mod(long long x, long long n, int m) { assert(0 <= n && 1 <= m); if (m == 1) return 0; internal::barrett bt((unsigned int)(m)); unsigned int r = 1, y = (unsigned int)(internal::safe_mod(x, m)); while (n) { if (n & 1) r = bt.mul(r, y); y = bt.mul(y, y); n >>= 1; } return r; } long long inv_mod(long long x, long long m) { assert(1 <= m); auto z = internal::inv_gcd(x, m); assert(z.first == 1); return z.second; } // (rem, mod) std::pair crt(const std::vector& r, const std::vector& m) { assert(r.size() == m.size()); int n = int(r.size()); // Contracts: 0 <= r0 < m0 long long r0 = 0, m0 = 1; for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) { assert(1 <= m[i]); long long r1 = internal::safe_mod(r[i], m[i]), m1 = m[i]; if (m0 < m1) { std::swap(r0, r1); std::swap(m0, m1); } if (m0 % m1 == 0) { if (r0 % m1 != r1) return {0, 0}; continue; } // assume: m0 > m1, lcm(m0, m1) >= 2 * max(m0, m1) // (r0, m0), (r1, m1) -> (r2, m2 = lcm(m0, m1)); // r2 % m0 = r0 // r2 % m1 = r1 // -> (r0 + x*m0) % m1 = r1 // -> x*u0*g % (u1*g) = (r1 - r0) (u0*g = m0, u1*g = m1) // -> x = (r1 - r0) / g * inv(u0) (mod u1) // im = inv(u0) (mod u1) (0 <= im < u1) long long g, im; std::tie(g, im) = internal::inv_gcd(m0, m1); long long u1 = (m1 / g); // |r1 - r0| < (m0 + m1) <= lcm(m0, m1) if ((r1 - r0) % g) return {0, 0}; // u1 * u1 <= m1 * m1 / g / g <= m0 * m1 / g = lcm(m0, m1) long long x = (r1 - r0) / g % u1 * im % u1; // |r0| + |m0 * x| // < m0 + m0 * (u1 - 1) // = m0 + m0 * m1 / g - m0 // = lcm(m0, m1) r0 += x * m0; m0 *= u1; // -> lcm(m0, m1) if (r0 < 0) r0 += m0; } return {r0, m0}; } long long cnt = 0; long long floor_sum(long long n, long long m, long long a, long long b) { cnt++; long long ans = 0; if (a >= m) { ans += (n - 1) * n * (a / m) / 2; a %= m; } if (b >= m) { ans += n * (b / m); b %= m; } long long y_max = (a * n + b) / m, x_max = (y_max * m - b); if (y_max == 0) return ans; ans += (n - (x_max + a - 1) / a) * y_max; ans += floor_sum(y_max, a, m, (a - x_max % a) % a); return ans; } } // namespace atcoder using namespace std; #define PRIME_POWER_BINOMIAL_M_MAX ((1LL << 30) - 1) #define PRIME_POWER_BINOMIAL_N_MAX 20000000 struct prime_power_binomial { int p, q, M; vector fac, ifac, inv; int delta; Barrett bm, bp; prime_power_binomial(int _p, int _q) : p(_p), q(_q) { assert(1 < p && p <= PRIME_POWER_BINOMIAL_M_MAX); assert(_q > 0); long long m = 1; while (_q--) { m *= p; assert(m <= PRIME_POWER_BINOMIAL_M_MAX); } M = m; bm = Barrett(M), bp = Barrett(p); enumerate(); delta = (p == 2 && q >= 3) ? 1 : M - 1; } void enumerate() { int MX = min(M, PRIME_POWER_BINOMIAL_N_MAX + 10); fac.resize(MX); ifac.resize(MX); inv.resize(MX); fac[0] = ifac[0] = inv[0] = 1; fac[1] = ifac[1] = inv[1] = 1; for (int i = 2; i < MX; i++) { if (i % p == 0) { fac[i] = fac[i - 1]; fac[i + 1] = bm.rem(1LL * fac[i - 1] * (i + 1)); i++; } else { fac[i] = bm.rem(1LL * fac[i - 1] * i); } } ifac[MX - 1] = bm.pow(fac[MX - 1], M / p * (p - 1) - 1); for (int i = MX - 2; i > 1; --i) { if (i % p == 0) { ifac[i] = bm.rem(1LL * ifac[i + 1] * (i + 1)); ifac[i - 1] = ifac[i]; i--; } else { ifac[i] = bm.rem(1LL * ifac[i + 1] * (i + 1)); } } } long long Lucas(long long n, long long m) { int res = 1; while (n) { int n0, m0; tie(n, n0) = bp.quorem(n); tie(m, m0) = bp.quorem(m); if (n0 < m0) return 0; res = bm.rem(1LL * res * fac[n0]); int buf = bm.rem(1LL * ifac[n0 - m0] * ifac[m0]); res = bm.rem(1LL * res * buf); } return res; } long long C(long long n, long long m) { if (n < m || n < 0 || m < 0) return 0; if (q == 1) return Lucas(n, m); long long r = n - m; int e0 = 0, eq = 0, i = 0; int res = 1; while (n) { res = bm.rem(1LL * res * fac[bm.rem(n)]); res = bm.rem(1LL * res * ifac[bm.rem(m)]); res = bm.rem(1LL * res * ifac[bm.rem(r)]); n = bp.quo(n); m = bp.quo(m); r = bp.quo(r); int eps = n - m - r; e0 += eps; if (e0 >= q) return 0; if (++i >= q) eq += eps; } if (eq & 1) res = bm.rem(1LL * res * delta); res = bm.rem(1LL * res * bm.pow(p, e0)); return res; } }; // constraints: // (M <= 1e7 and max(N) <= 1e18) or (M < 2^30 and max(N) <= 2e7) struct arbitrary_mod_binomial { int mod; vector M; vector cs; arbitrary_mod_binomial(long long md) : mod(md) { assert(1 <= md); assert(md <= PRIME_POWER_BINOMIAL_M_MAX); for (int i = 2; i * i <= md; i++) { if (md % i == 0) { int j = 0, k = 1; while (md % i == 0) md /= i, j++, k *= i; M.push_back(k); cs.emplace_back(i, j); assert(M.back() == cs.back().M); } } if (md != 1) { M.push_back(md); cs.emplace_back(md, 1); } assert(M.size() == cs.size()); } long long C(long long n, long long m) { if (mod == 1) return 0; vector rem, d; for (int i = 0; i < (int)cs.size(); i++) { rem.push_back(cs[i].C(n, m)); d.push_back(M[i]); } return atcoder::crt(rem, d).first; } }; #undef PRIME_POWER_BINOMIAL_M_MAX #undef PRIME_POWER_BINOMIAL_N_MAX /** * @brief 任意mod二項係数 * @docs docs/modulo/arbitrary-mod-binomial.md */ using mint = ArbitraryModInt; using namespace Nyaan; /* // sum [1, N] mint calc(ll N, ll M) { // n^2 * 2^2 * 3^2 * ... * n^2 // n^2 * (n-1)^2 * 3^2 * ... * n^2 // ... // n^2 * (n-1)^2 * (n-2)^2 * ... * n^2 // = (n!)^2 / (1!)^2 (n-1)!^2 + ... // = binom(2n, n) - 2 // (n!)^2 で割って // (binom(2n, n) - 2) / (n!)^2 } */ void q() { /* mint::set_mod(998244353); Binomial C; reg(n, 2, 10) { mint x = C(2 * n, n) - 2; trc(n, x); } */ inl(L, R, M); arbitrary_mod_binomial C{M}; ll ans = 0; reg(n, L, R + 1) { ans += C.C(2 * n, n); ans += M - 2; ans %= M; } out(ans); } void Nyaan::solve() { int t = 1; // in(t); while (t--) q(); }