//#define _GLIBCXX_DEBUG

//#pragma GCC target("avx2")
//#pragma GCC optimize("O3")
//#pragma GCC optimize("unroll-loops")

#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;


#ifdef LOCAL
#include <debug_print.hpp>
#define OUT(...) debug_print::multi_print(#__VA_ARGS__, __VA_ARGS__)
#else
#define OUT(...) (static_cast<void>(0))
#endif

#define endl '\n'
#define lfs cout<<fixed<<setprecision(10)
#define ALL(a)  (a).begin(),(a).end()
#define ALLR(a)  (a).rbegin(),(a).rend()
#define UNIQUE(a) (a).erase(unique((a).begin(),(a).end()),(a).end())
#define spa << " " <<
#define fi first
#define se second
#define MP make_pair
#define MT make_tuple
#define PB push_back
#define EB emplace_back
#define rep(i,n,m) for(ll i = (n); i < (ll)(m); i++)
#define rrep(i,n,m) for(ll i = (ll)(m) - 1; i >= (ll)(n); i--)
using ll = long long;
using ld = long double;
const ll MOD1 = 1e9+7;
const ll MOD9 = 998244353;
const ll INF = 1e18;
using P = pair<ll, ll>;
template<typename T> using PQ = priority_queue<T>;
template<typename T> using QP = priority_queue<T,vector<T>,greater<T>>;
template<typename T1, typename T2>bool chmin(T1 &a,T2 b){if(a>b){a=b;return true;}else return false;}
template<typename T1, typename T2>bool chmax(T1 &a,T2 b){if(a<b){a=b;return true;}else return false;}
ll median(ll a,ll b, ll c){return a+b+c-max({a,b,c})-min({a,b,c});}
void ans1(bool x){if(x) cout<<"Yes"<<endl;else cout<<"No"<<endl;}
void ans2(bool x){if(x) cout<<"YES"<<endl;else cout<<"NO"<<endl;}
void ans3(bool x){if(x) cout<<"Yay!"<<endl;else cout<<":("<<endl;}
template<typename T1,typename T2>void ans(bool x,T1 y,T2 z){if(x)cout<<y<<endl;else cout<<z<<endl;}  
template<typename T1,typename T2,typename T3>void anss(T1 x,T2 y,T3 z){ans(x!=y,x,z);};  
template<typename T>void debug(const T &v,ll h,ll w,string sv=" "){for(ll i=0;i<h;i++){cout<<v[i][0];for(ll j=1;j<w;j++)cout<<sv<<v[i][j];cout<<endl;}};
template<typename T>void debug(const T &v,ll n,string sv=" "){if(n!=0)cout<<v[0];for(ll i=1;i<n;i++)cout<<sv<<v[i];cout<<endl;};
template<typename T>void debug(const vector<T>&v){debug(v,v.size());}
template<typename T>void debug(const vector<vector<T>>&v){for(auto &vv:v)debug(vv,vv.size());}
template<typename T>void debug(stack<T> st){while(!st.empty()){cout<<st.top()<<" ";st.pop();}cout<<endl;}
template<typename T>void debug(queue<T> st){while(!st.empty()){cout<<st.front()<<" ";st.pop();}cout<<endl;}
template<typename T>void debug(deque<T> st){while(!st.empty()){cout<<st.front()<<" ";st.pop_front();}cout<<endl;}
template<typename T>void debug(PQ<T> st){while(!st.empty()){cout<<st.top()<<" ";st.pop();}cout<<endl;}
template<typename T>void debug(QP<T> st){while(!st.empty()){cout<<st.top()<<" ";st.pop();}cout<<endl;}
template<typename T>void debug(const set<T>&v){for(auto z:v)cout<<z<<" ";cout<<endl;}
template<typename T>void debug(const multiset<T>&v){for(auto z:v)cout<<z<<" ";cout<<endl;}
template<typename T,size_t size>void debug(const array<T, size> &a){for(auto z:a)cout<<z<<" ";cout<<endl;}
template<typename T,typename V>void debug(const map<T,V>&v){for(auto z:v)cout<<"["<<z.first<<"]="<<z.second<<",";cout<<endl;}
template<typename T>vector<vector<T>>vec(ll x, ll y, T w){vector<vector<T>>v(x,vector<T>(y,w));return v;}
ll gcd(ll x,ll y){ll r;while(y!=0&&(r=x%y)!=0){x=y;y=r;}return y==0?x:y;}
vector<ll>dx={1,-1,0,0,1,1,-1,-1};vector<ll>dy={0,0,1,-1,1,-1,1,-1};
template<typename T>vector<T> make_v(size_t a,T b){return vector<T>(a,b);}
template<typename... Ts>auto make_v(size_t a,Ts... ts){return vector<decltype(make_v(ts...))>(a,make_v(ts...));}
template<typename T1, typename T2>ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, const pair<T1, T2>&p){return os << "(" << p.first << "," << p.second << ")";}
template<typename T>ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, const vector<T> &v){os<<"[";for(auto &z:v)os << z << ",";os<<"]"; return os;}
template<typename T>void rearrange(vector<int>&ord, vector<T>&v){
  auto tmp = v;
  for(int i=0;i<tmp.size();i++)v[i] = tmp[ord[i]];
}
template<typename Head, typename... Tail>void rearrange(vector<int>&ord,Head&& head, Tail&&... tail){
  rearrange(ord, head);
  rearrange(ord, tail...);
}
template<typename T> vector<int> ascend(const vector<T>&v){
  vector<int>ord(v.size());iota(ord.begin(),ord.end(),0);
  sort(ord.begin(),ord.end(),[&](int i,int j){return make_pair(v[i],i)<make_pair(v[j],j);});
  return ord;
}
template<typename T> vector<int> descend(const vector<T>&v){
  vector<int>ord(v.size());iota(ord.begin(),ord.end(),0);
  sort(ord.begin(),ord.end(),[&](int i,int j){return make_pair(v[i],-i)>make_pair(v[j],-j);});
  return ord;
}
template<typename T> vector<T> inv_perm(const vector<T>&ord){
  vector<T>inv(ord.size());
  for(int i=0;i<ord.size();i++)inv[ord[i]] = i;
  return inv;
}
ll FLOOR(ll n,ll div){assert(div>0);return n>=0?n/div:(n-div+1)/div;}
ll CEIL(ll n,ll div){assert(div>0);return n>=0?(n+div-1)/div:n/div;}
ll digitsum(ll n){ll ret=0;while(n){ret+=n%10;n/=10;}return ret;}
ll modulo(ll n,ll d){return (n%d+d)%d;};
template<typename T>T min(const vector<T>&v){return *min_element(v.begin(),v.end());}
template<typename T>T max(const vector<T>&v){return *max_element(v.begin(),v.end());}
template<typename T>T acc(const vector<T>&v){return accumulate(v.begin(),v.end(),T(0));};
template<typename T>T reverse(const T &v){return T(v.rbegin(),v.rend());};
//mt19937 mt(chrono::steady_clock::now().time_since_epoch().count());
int popcount(ll x){return __builtin_popcountll(x);};
int poplow(ll x){return __builtin_ctzll(x);};
int pophigh(ll x){return 63 - __builtin_clzll(x);};
template<typename T>T poll(queue<T> &q){auto ret=q.front();q.pop();return ret;};
template<typename T>T poll(priority_queue<T> &q){auto ret=q.top();q.pop();return ret;};
template<typename T>T poll(QP<T> &q){auto ret=q.top();q.pop();return ret;};
template<typename T>T poll(stack<T> &s){auto ret=s.top();s.pop();return ret;};
ll MULT(ll x,ll y){if(LLONG_MAX/x<=y)return LLONG_MAX;return x*y;}
ll POW2(ll x, ll k){ll ret=1,mul=x;while(k){if(mul==LLONG_MAX)return LLONG_MAX;if(k&1)ret=MULT(ret,mul);mul=MULT(mul,mul);k>>=1;}return ret;}
ll POW(ll x, ll k){ll ret=1;for(int i=0;i<k;i++){if(LLONG_MAX/x<=ret)return LLONG_MAX;ret*=x;}return ret;}
template< typename T = int >
struct edge {
  int to;
  T cost;
  int id;
  edge():id(-1){};
  edge(int to, T cost = 1, int id = -1):to(to), cost(cost), id(id){}
  operator int() const { return to; }
};

template<typename T>
using Graph = vector<vector<edge<T>>>;
template<typename T>
Graph<T>revgraph(const Graph<T> &g){
  Graph<T>ret(g.size());
  for(int i=0;i<g.size();i++){
    for(auto e:g[i]){
      int to = e.to;
      e.to = i;
      ret[to].push_back(e);
    }
  }
  return ret;
}
template<typename T>
Graph<T> readGraph(int n,int m,int indexed=1,bool directed=false,bool weighted=false){
  Graph<T> ret(n);
  for(int es = 0; es < m; es++){
    int u,v;
    T w=1;
    cin>>u>>v;u-=indexed,v-=indexed;
    if(weighted)cin>>w;
    ret[u].emplace_back(v,w,es);
    if(!directed)ret[v].emplace_back(u,w,es);
  }
  return ret;
}
template<typename T>
Graph<T> readParent(int n,int indexed=1,bool directed=true){
  Graph<T>ret(n);
  for(int i=1;i<n;i++){
    int p;cin>>p;
    p-=indexed;
    ret[p].emplace_back(i);
    if(!directed)ret[i].emplace_back(p);
  }
  return ret;
}
template< int mod >
struct ModInt {
  int x;

  ModInt() : x(0) {}

  ModInt(int64_t y) : x(y >= 0 ? y % mod : (mod - (-y) % mod) % mod) {}

  ModInt &operator+=(const ModInt &p) {
    if((x += p.x) >= mod) x -= mod;
    return *this;
  }

  ModInt &operator-=(const ModInt &p) {
    if((x += mod - p.x) >= mod) x -= mod;
    return *this;
  }

  ModInt &operator*=(const ModInt &p) {
    x = (int) (1LL * x * p.x % mod);
    return *this;
  }

  ModInt &operator/=(const ModInt &p) {
    *this *= p.inverse();
    return *this;
  }

  ModInt operator-() const { return ModInt(-x); }

  friend ModInt operator+(const ModInt& lhs, const ModInt& rhs) {
        return ModInt(lhs) += rhs;
  }
  friend ModInt operator-(const ModInt& lhs, const ModInt& rhs) {
        return ModInt(lhs) -= rhs;
  }
  friend ModInt operator*(const ModInt& lhs, const ModInt& rhs) {
        return ModInt(lhs) *= rhs;
  }
  friend ModInt operator/(const ModInt& lhs, const ModInt& rhs) {
        return ModInt(lhs) /= rhs;
  }

  bool operator==(const ModInt &p) const { return x == p.x; }

  bool operator!=(const ModInt &p) const { return x != p.x; }

  ModInt inverse() const {
    int a = x, b = mod, u = 1, v = 0, t;
    while(b > 0) {
      t = a / b;
      swap(a -= t * b, b);
      swap(u -= t * v, v);
    }
    return ModInt(u);
  }

  ModInt pow(int64_t n) const {
    ModInt ret(1), mul(x);
    while(n > 0) {
      if(n & 1) ret *= mul;
      mul *= mul;
      n >>= 1;
    }
    return ret;
  }
  friend ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, const ModInt &p) {
    return os << p.x;
  }

  friend istream &operator>>(istream &is, ModInt &a) {
    int64_t t;
    is >> t;
    a = ModInt< mod >(t);
    return (is);
  }

  static int get_mod() { return mod; }
};

template< typename T >
struct Combination {
  vector< T > _fact, _rfact, _inv;

  Combination(ll sz) : _fact(sz + 1), _rfact(sz + 1), _inv(sz + 1) {
    _fact[0] = _rfact[sz] = _inv[0] = 1;
    for(ll i = 1; i <= sz; i++) _fact[i] = _fact[i - 1] * i;
    _rfact[sz] /= _fact[sz];
    for(ll i = sz - 1; i >= 0; i--) _rfact[i] = _rfact[i + 1] * (i + 1);
    for(ll i = 1; i <= sz; i++) _inv[i] = _rfact[i] * _fact[i - 1];
  }

  inline T fact(ll k) const { return _fact[k]; }

  inline T rfact(ll k) const { return _rfact[k]; }

  inline T inv(ll k) const { return _inv[k]; }

  T P(ll n, ll r) const {
    if(r < 0 || n < r) return 0;
    return fact(n) * rfact(n - r);
  }

  T C(ll p, ll q) const {
    if(q < 0 || p < q) return 0;
    return fact(p) * rfact(q) * rfact(p - q);
  }
  
  T RC(ll p, ll q) const {
    if(q < 0 || p < q) return 0;
    return rfact(p) * fact(q) * fact(p - q);
  }

  T H(ll n, ll r) const {
    if(n < 0 || r < 0) return (0);
    return r == 0 ? 1 : C(n + r - 1, r);
  }
  //+1がm個、-1がn個で prefix sumが常にk以上
  T catalan(ll m,ll n,ll k){
    if(n>m-k)return 0;
    else return C(n+m,m)-C(n+m,n+k-1);
  }
};
using modint = ModInt< MOD9 >;modint mpow(ll n, ll x){return modint(n).pow(x);}modint mpow(modint n, ll x){return n.pow(x);}
//using modint=ld;modint mpow(ll n, ll x){return pow(n,x);}modint mpow(modint n, ll x){return pow(n,x);}
using Comb=Combination<modint>;
#pragma once

struct Mo {
  int width;
  vector<int> left, right, order;

  Mo(int N, int Q) : order(Q) {
    width = max<int>(1, 1.0 * N / max<double>(1.0, sqrt(Q * 2.0 / 3.0)));
    iota(begin(order), end(order), 0);
  }

  void insert(int l, int r) { /* [l, r) */
    left.emplace_back(l);
    right.emplace_back(r);
  }

  template <typename AL, typename AR, typename DL, typename DR, typename REM>
  void run(const AL &add_left, const AR &add_right, const DL &delete_left,
           const DR &delete_right, const REM &rem) {
    assert(left.size() == order.size());
    sort(begin(order), end(order), [&](int a, int b) {
      int ablock = left[a] / width, bblock = left[b] / width;
      if (ablock != bblock) return ablock < bblock;
      if (ablock & 1) return right[a] < right[b];
      return right[a] > right[b];
    });
    int nl = 0, nr = 0;
    for (auto idx : order) {
      while (nl > left[idx]) add_left(--nl);
      while (nr < right[idx]) add_right(nr++);
      while (nl < left[idx]) delete_left(nl++);
      while (nr > right[idx]) delete_right(--nr);
      rem(idx);
    }
  }
};

/**
 * @brief Mo's algorithm
 * @docs docs/misc/mo.md
 */
#pragma once

template <typename T>
struct Binomial {
  vector<T> f, g, h;
  Binomial(int MAX = 0) {
    assert(T::get_mod() != 0 && "Binomial<mint>()");
    f.resize(1, T{1});
    g.resize(1, T{1});
    h.resize(1, T{1});
    while (MAX >= (int)f.size()) extend();
  }

  void extend() {
    int n = f.size();
    int m = n * 2;
    f.resize(m);
    g.resize(m);
    h.resize(m);
    for (int i = n; i < m; i++) f[i] = f[i - 1] * T(i);
    g[m - 1] = f[m - 1].inverse();
    h[m - 1] = g[m - 1] * f[m - 2];
    for (int i = m - 2; i >= n; i--) {
      g[i] = g[i + 1] * T(i + 1);
      h[i] = g[i] * f[i - 1];
    }
  }

  T fac(int i) {
    if (i < 0) return T(0);
    while (i >= (int)f.size()) extend();
    return f[i];
  }

  T finv(int i) {
    if (i < 0) return T(0);
    while (i >= (int)g.size()) extend();
    return g[i];
  }

  T inv(int i) {
    if (i < 0) return -inv(-i);
    while (i >= (int)h.size()) extend();
    return h[i];
  }

  T C(int n, int r) {
    if (n < 0 || n < r || r < 0) return T(0);
    return fac(n) * finv(n - r) * finv(r);
  }

  inline T operator()(int n, int r) { return C(n, r); }

  template <typename I>
  T multinomial(const vector<I>& r) {
    static_assert(is_integral<I>::value == true);
    int n = 0;
    for (auto& x : r) {
      if (x < 0) return T(0);
      n += x;
    }
    T res = fac(n);
    for (auto& x : r) res *= finv(x);
    return res;
  }

  template <typename I>
  T operator()(const vector<I>& r) {
    return multinomial(r);
  }

  T C_naive(int n, int r) {
    if (n < 0 || n < r || r < 0) return T(0);
    T ret = T(1);
    r = min(r, n - r);
    for (int i = 1; i <= r; ++i) ret *= inv(i) * (n--);
    return ret;
  }

  T P(int n, int r) {
    if (n < 0 || n < r || r < 0) return T(0);
    return fac(n) * finv(n - r);
  }

  T H(int n, int r) {
    if (n < 0 || r < 0) return T(0);
    return r == 0 ? 1 : C(n + r - 1, r);
  }
};
#pragma once

template <typename mint>
vector<mint> multipoint_binomial_sum(const vector<pair<int, int>>& qs) {
  int N = 2;
  for (auto& p : qs) N = max(N, p.first);
  Binomial<mint> b(N + 1);
  int Q = qs.size();
  Mo mo(N, Q);
  for (auto& p : qs) {
    assert(p.second <= p.first);
    assert(p.first <= N);
    mo.insert(p.second, p.first);
  }
  vector<mint> ans(Q);
  mint cur = 1;
  int n = 0, m = 0;
  auto al = [&](int) { cur -= b.C(n, m--); };
  auto ar = [&](int) { cur += cur - b.C(n++, m); };
  auto el = [&](int) { cur += b.C(n, ++m); };
  auto er = [&](int) { cur = (cur + b.C(--n, m)) * b.inv(2); };
  auto q = [&](int i) { ans[i] = cur; };
  mo.run(al, ar, el, er, q);
  return ans;
}

/**
 * @brief 二項係数のprefix sumの多点評価
 */
int main(){
  cin.tie(nullptr);
  ios_base::sync_with_stdio(false);
  ll res=0,buf=0;
  bool judge = true;
  ll t;cin>>t;
  vector<ll>n(t),m(t);
  rep(i,0,t)cin>>n[i]>>m[i];
  vector<pair<int,int>>qs;
  rep(i,0,t){
    qs.EB(n[i]-1,m[i]-1);
  }
  auto v=multipoint_binomial_sum<modint>(qs);
  rep(i,0,t){
    cout<<(mpow(2,n[i])-1)*v[i]<<endl;
  }
  return 0;
}