#include <bits/stdc++.h>
#include <atcoder/all>

using namespace std;
using namespace atcoder;

#define overload4(_1, _2, _3, _4, name, ...) name
#define rep1(n) for(int i = 0; i < (int)(n); ++i)
#define rep2(i, n) for(int i = 0; i < (int)(n); ++i)
#define rep3(i, a, b) for(int i = (a); i < (int)(b); ++i)
#define rep4(i, a, b, c) for(int i = (a); i < (int)(b); i += (c))
#define rep(...) overload4(__VA_ARGS__, rep4, rep3, rep2, rep1)(__VA_ARGS__)

#define rrep(i,n) for(int i = (int)(n) - 1; i >= 0; --i)
#define ALL(a) a.begin(), a.end()
#define Sort(a) sort(a.begin(), a.end())
#define RSort(a) sort(a.rbegin(), a.rend())

typedef long long int ll;
typedef unsigned long long ul;
typedef long double ld;
typedef vector<int> vi;
typedef vector<long long> vll;
typedef vector<char> vc;
typedef vector<string> vst;
typedef vector<double> vd;
typedef vector<long double> vld;
typedef pair<long long, long long> P;

template<class T> long long sum(const T& a){ return accumulate(a.begin(), a.end(), 0LL); }
template<class T> auto min(const T& a){ return *min_element(a.begin(), a.end()); }
template<class T> auto max(const T& a){ return *max_element(a.begin(), a.end()); }
template<class T> bool insec(const T& a, const T& l, const T& r){ return l <= a && a < r; }

const long long MINF = 0x7fffffffffff;
const long long INF = 0x1fffffffffffffff;
const long long MOD = 998244353;
const long double EPS = 1e-9;
const long double PI = acos(-1);
 
template<class T> inline bool chmax(T& a, T b) { if (a < b) { a = b; return 1; } return 0; }
template<class T> inline bool chmin(T& a, T b) { if (a > b) { a = b; return 1; } return 0; }

template<typename T1, typename T2> istream &operator>>(istream &is, pair<T1, T2> &p){ is >> p.first >> p.second; return is; }
template<typename T1, typename T2> ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, const pair<T1, T2> &p){ os << "(" << p.first << ", " << p.second << ")"; return os; }
template<typename T> istream &operator>>(istream &is, vector<T> &v){ for(T &in : v) is >> in; return is; }
template<typename T> ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, const vector<T> &v){ for(int i = 0; i < (int) v.size(); ++i){ os << v[i] << (i + 1 != (int) v.size() ? " " : ""); } return os; }
template <typename T, typename S> ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, const map<T, S> &mp){ for(auto &[key, val] : mp){ os << key << ":" << val << " "; } return os; }
template <typename T> ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, const set<T> &st){ auto itr = st.begin(); for(int i = 0; i < (int)st.size(); ++i){ os << *itr << (i + 1 != (int)st.size() ? " " : ""); itr++; } return os; }
template <typename T> ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, const multiset<T> &st){ auto itr = st.begin(); for(int i = 0; i < (int)st.size(); ++i){ os << *itr << (i + 1 != (int)st.size() ? " " : ""); itr++; } return os; }
template <typename T> ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, queue<T> q){ while(q.size()){ os << q.front() << " "; q.pop(); } return os; }
template <typename T> ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, deque<T> q){ while(q.size()){ os << q.front() << " "; q.pop_front(); } return os; }
template <typename T> ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, stack<T> st){ while(st.size()){ os << st.top() << " "; st.pop(); } return os; }
template <class T, class Container, class Compare> ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, priority_queue<T, Container, Compare> pq){ while(pq.size()){ os << pq.top() << " "; pq.pop(); } return os; }

template<class T, class U> inline T vin(T& vec, U n) { vec.resize(n); for(int i = 0; i < (int) n; ++i) cin >> vec[i]; return vec; }
template<class T> inline void vout(T vec, string s = "\n"){ for(auto x : vec) cout << x << s; }
template<class... T> void in(T&... a){ (cin >> ... >> a); }
void out(){ cout << '\n'; }
template<class T, class... Ts> void out(const T& a, const Ts&... b){ cout << a; (cout << ... << (cout << ' ', b)); cout << '\n'; }
template<class T, class U> void inGraph(vector<vector<T>>& G, U n, U m, bool directed = false){ G.resize(n); for(int i = 0; i < m; ++i){ int a, b; cin >> a >> b; a--, b--; G[a].push_back(b); if(!directed) G[b].push_back(a); } }

template <long long Modulus>
struct ModInt{
    long long val;
    constexpr ModInt(const long long &_val = 0) noexcept : val(_val) {
        normalize();
    }
    void normalize(){
        val = (val % Modulus + Modulus) % Modulus;
    }
    inline ModInt& operator+=(const ModInt& rhs) noexcept {
        if(val += rhs.val, val >= Modulus) val -= Modulus;
        return *this;
    }
    inline ModInt& operator-=(const ModInt& rhs) noexcept {
        if(val -= rhs.val, val < 0) val += Modulus;
        return *this;
    }
    inline ModInt& operator*=(const ModInt& rhs) noexcept {
        val = val * rhs.val % Modulus;
        return *this;
    }
    inline ModInt& operator/=(const ModInt& rhs) noexcept {
        val = val * inv(rhs.val).val % Modulus;
        return *this;
    }
    inline ModInt& operator++() noexcept {
        if(++val >= Modulus) val -= Modulus;
        return *this;
    }
    inline ModInt operator++(int) noexcept {
        ModInt t = val;
        if(++val >= Modulus) val -= Modulus;
        return t;
    }
    inline ModInt& operator--() noexcept {
        if(--val < 0) val += Modulus;
        return *this;
    }
    inline ModInt operator--(int) noexcept {
        ModInt t = val;
        if(--val < 0) val += Modulus;
        return t;
    }
    inline ModInt operator-() const noexcept { return (Modulus - val) % Modulus; }
    inline ModInt inv(void) const { return inv(val); }
    ModInt inv(const long long& n) const {
        long long a = n, b = Modulus, u = 1, v = 0;
        while(b){
            long long t = a / b;
            a -= t * b; swap(a, b);
            u -= t * v; swap(u, v);
        }
        u %= Modulus;
        if(u < 0) u += Modulus;
        return u;
    }
    friend inline ModInt operator+(const ModInt& lhs, const ModInt& rhs) noexcept { return ModInt(lhs) += rhs; }
    friend inline ModInt operator-(const ModInt& lhs, const ModInt& rhs) noexcept { return ModInt(lhs) -= rhs; }
    friend inline ModInt operator*(const ModInt& lhs, const ModInt& rhs) noexcept { return ModInt(lhs) *= rhs; }
    friend inline ModInt operator/(const ModInt& lhs, const ModInt& rhs) noexcept { return ModInt(lhs) /= rhs; }
    friend inline bool operator==(const ModInt& lhs, const ModInt& rhs) noexcept { return lhs.val == rhs.val; }
    friend inline bool operator!=(const ModInt& lhs, const ModInt& rhs) noexcept { return lhs.val != rhs.val; }
    friend inline istream& operator>>(istream& is, ModInt& x) noexcept {
        is >> x.val;
        x.normalize();
        return is;
    }
    friend inline ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const ModInt& x) noexcept { return os << x.val; }
};

namespace modcalc{

    template <typename T>
    T modpow(T x, T n, const T &m){
        T ret = 1 % m;
        x %= m;
        while(n > 0){
            if(n & 1) (ret *= x) %= m;
            (x *= x) %= m;
            n >>= 1;
        }
        return ret;
    }

    template <typename T>
    T modinv(T a, T m){
        T b = m, u = 1, v = 0;
        while(b){
            T t = a / b;
            a -= t * b; swap(a, b);
            u -= t * v; swap(u, v);
        }
        u %= m;
        if (u < 0) u += m;
        return u;
    }

    template <typename T>
    T modarithmeticsum(T a, T d, T n, T m){
        a %= m, n %= m, d %= m;
        T b = (n - 1) * d % m;
        return n * (a * 2 + b) % m * modinv((T) 2, m) % m;
    }
    
    template <typename T>
    T modgeometricsum(T a, T r, T n, T m){
        a %= m;
        if(r == 1){
            n %= m;
            return a * n % m;
        }
        return a * (modpow(r, n, m) + m - 1) % m * modinv(r - 1, m) % m;
    }
}

struct Combination{
    vector<long long> memo, memoinv, inv;
    const long long mod;
    Combination(const int &N, const long long &m) : memo(N + 1), memoinv(N + 1), inv(N + 1), mod(m){
        memo[0] = memo[1] = 1;
        memoinv[0] = memoinv[1] = 1;
        inv[1] = 1;
        for(int i = 2; i <= N; ++i){
            memo[i] = memo[i - 1] * i % mod;
            inv[i] = mod - inv[mod % i] * (m / i) % mod;
            memoinv[i] = memoinv[i - 1] * inv[i] % mod;
        }
    }
    inline long long fact(const long long &n) const {
        return memo[n];
    }
    inline long long factinv(const long long &n) const {
        return memoinv[n];
    }
    inline long long ncr(const long long &n, const long long &r) const {
        if(n < r || r < 0) return 0;
        return (memo[n] * memoinv[r] % mod) * memoinv[n - r] % mod;
    }
    inline long long npr(const long long &n, const long long &r) const {
        if(n < r || r < 0) return 0;
        return (memo[n] % mod) * memoinv[n - r] % mod;
    }
    inline long long nhr(const long long &n, const long long &r) const {
        if(n == 0 && r == 0) return 1;
        return ncr(n + r - 1, r);
    }
};

struct Mo{
    int n;
    vector<pair<int, int>> lr;

    Mo(const int &n) : n(n) {}

    /* [l, r) */
    void add(const int &l,  const int &r){
        lr.push_back({l, r});
    }

    template <typename AL, typename AR, typename EL, typename ER, typename O>
    void build(const AL &add_left, const AR &add_right, const EL &erase_left, const ER &erase_right, const O &out){
        int q = (int) lr.size();
        int border = max<int>(1, 1.0 * n / max<double>(1.0, sqrt(q * 2.0 / 3.0)));
        vector<int> ord(q);
        iota(ord.begin(), ord.end(), 0);
        sort(ord.begin(), ord.end(), [&](int a, int b){
            int ablock = lr[a].first / border, bblock = lr[b].first / border;
            if(ablock != bblock){
                return ablock < bblock;
            }
            return (ablock & 1) ? lr[a].second > lr[b].second : lr[a].second < lr[b].second;
        });
        int l = 0, r = 0;
        for(const auto &k : ord){
            while(l > lr[k].first) add_left(--l);
            while(r < lr[k].second) add_right(r++);
            while(l < lr[k].first) erase_left(l++);
            while(r > lr[k].second) erase_right(--r);
            out(k);
        }
    }

    template <typename A, typename E, typename O>
    void build(const A &add, const E &erase, const O &out){
        build(add, add, erase, erase, out);
    }
};

using mint = ModInt<998244353>;

int main() {
    ll t; in(t);
    Combination comb(200000, MOD);
    ll max_n = 200001;
    Mo mo(max_n);
    vector<mint> res(t, 1);
    rep(i, t){
        ll n, m; in(n, m);
        mo.add(n - 1, m - 1);
        res[i] *= modcalc::modpow(2LL, n, MOD) - 1;
    }
    mint f = 1;
    ll l = 0, r = 0;
    auto add_left = [&](int i){
        l--;
        f = (f + comb.ncr(l, r)) / 2;
    };
    auto add_right = [&](int i){
        r++;
        f = f + comb.ncr(l, r);
    };
    auto erase_left = [&](int i){
        f = 2 * f - comb.ncr(l, r);
        l++;
    };
    auto erase_right = [&](int i){
        f = f - comb.ncr(l, r);
        r--;
    };
    auto output = [&](int q){
        res[q] *= f;
    };
    mo.build(add_left, add_right, erase_left, erase_right, output);
 
    for(auto ans : res){
        cout << ans << "\n";
    }
}