#include<bits/stdc++.h>
#include<atcoder/all>
#define rep(i,b) for(int i=0;i<b;i++)
#define rrep(i,b) for(int i=b-1;i>=0;i--)
#define rep1(i,b) for(int i=1;i<b;i++)
#define repx(i,x,b) for(int i=x;i<b;i++)
#define rrepx(i,x,b) for(int i=b-1;i>=x;i--)
#define fore(i,a) for(auto i:a)
#define fore1(i,a) for(auto &i:a)
#define rng(x) (x).begin(), (x).end()
#define rrng(x) (x).rbegin(), (x).rend()
#define sz(x) ((int)(x).size())
#define pb push_back
#define fi first
#define se second
#define pcnt __builtin_popcountll

using namespace std;
using namespace atcoder;

using ll = long long;
using ld = long double;
template<typename T> using mpq = priority_queue<T, vector<T>, greater<T>>;
template<typename T> bool chmax(T &a, const T &b) { if (a<b) { a=b; return 1; } return 0; }
template<typename T> bool chmin(T &a, const T &b) { if (b<a) { a=b; return 1; } return 0; }
template<typename T> ll sumv(const vector<T>&a){ll res(0);for(auto&&x:a)res+=x;return res;}
bool yn(bool a) { if(a) {cout << "Yes" << endl; return true;} else {cout << "No" << endl; return false;}}
#define dame { cout << "No" << endl; return;}
#define dame1 { cout << -1 << endl; return;}
#define cout2(x,y) cout << x << " " << y << endl;
#define coutp(p) cout << p.fi << " " << p.se << endl;
#define out cout << ans << endl;
#define outd cout << fixed << setprecision(20) << ans << endl;
#define outm cout << ans.val() << endl;
#define outv fore(yans , ans) cout << yans << "\n";
#define outdv fore(yans , ans) cout << yans.val() << "\n";
#define coutv(v) {fore(vy , v) {cout << vy << " ";} cout << endl;}
#define coutv2(v) fore(vy , v) cout << vy << "\n";
#define coutvm(v) {fore(vy , v) {cout << vy.val() << " ";} cout << endl;}
#define coutvm2(v) fore(vy , v) cout << vy.val() << "\n";
using pll = pair<ll,ll>;using pil = pair<int,ll>;using pli = pair<ll,int>;using pii = pair<int,int>;using pdd = pair<ld,ld>;
using tp = tuple<int ,int ,int>;
using vi = vector<int>;using vd = vector<ld>;using vl = vector<ll>;using vs = vector<string>;using vb = vector<bool>;
using vpii = vector<pii>;using vpli = vector<pli>;using vpll = vector<pll>;using vpil = vector<pil>;
using vvi = vector<vector<int>>;using vvl = vector<vector<ll>>;using vvs = vector<vector<string>>;using vvb = vector<vector<bool>>;
using vvpii = vector<vector<pii>>;using vvpli = vector<vector<pli>>;using vvpll = vector<vpll>;using vvpil = vector<vpil>;
using mint = modint998244353;
//using mint = modint1000000007;
//using mint = dynamic_modint<0>;
using vm = vector<mint>;
using vvm = vector<vector<mint>>;
vector<int> dx={1,0,-1,0,1,1,-1,-1},dy={0,1,0,-1,1,-1,1,-1};
ll gcd(ll a, ll b) { return a?gcd(b%a,a):b;}
ll lcm(ll a, ll b) { return a/gcd(a,b)*b;}
#define yes {cout <<"Yes"<<endl;}
#define yesr { cout <<"Yes"<<endl; return;}
#define no {cout <<"No"<<endl;}
#define nor { cout <<"No"<<endl; return;}
const double eps = 1e-10;
const ll LINF = 1001002003004005006ll;
const int INF = 1001001001;
#ifdef MY_LOCAL_DEBUG
#define show(x) cerr<<#x<<" = "<<x<<endl
#define showp(p) cerr<<#p<<" = "<<p.fi<<" : "<<p.se<<endl
#define show2(x,y) cerr<<#x<<" = "<<x<<" : "<<#y<<" = "<<y<<endl
#define show3(x,y,z) cerr<<#x<<" = "<<x<<" : "<<#y<<" = "<<y<<" : "<<#z<<" = "<<z<<endl
#define show4(x,y,z,x2) cerr<<#x<<" = "<<x<<" : "<<#y<<" = "<<y<<" : "<<#z<<" = "<<z<<" : "<<#x2<<" = "<<x2<<endl
#define test(x) cout << "test" << x << endl
#define showv(v) {fore(vy , v) {cout << vy << " ";} cout << endl;}
#define showv2(v) fore(vy , v) cout << vy << "\n";
#define showvm(v) {fore(vy , v) {cout << vy.val() << " ";} cout << endl;}
#define showvm2(v) fore(vy , v) cout << vy.val() << "\n";
#else
#define show(x)
#define showp(p)
#define show2(x,y)
#define show3(x,y,z)
#define show4(x,y,z,x2)
#define test(x)
#define showv(v)
#define showv2(v)
#define showvm(v)
#define showvm2(v)
#endif

struct combination {
  vector<mint> fact, ifact;
  combination(int n):fact(n+1),ifact(n+1) {
	fact[0] = 1;
	for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) fact[i] = fact[i-1]*i;
	ifact[n] = fact[n].inv();
	for (int i = n; i >= 1; --i) ifact[i-1] = ifact[i]*i;
  }
  mint operator()(int n, int k) {
	if (k < 0 || k > n) return 0;
	return fact[n]*ifact[k]*ifact[n-k];
  }
} com(10000005);

struct state{
	int l,r,i;
 
	state(int l=0,int r=0,int i=0) : l(l),r(r),i(i) {}
 
	bool operator<(state const &ot) const{
		return r < ot.r;
	}
};

void solve(){
	int q; cin>>q;

	const int n = (int)2e5 + 1;
	
	vm ans(q);
	
	ll D = ceill((long double)n/sqrtl((long double)q));
	int maxc = n/D;
	vector<vector<state>> pock(maxc+1);

	vm res(q);
		
	rep(i,q){
		int l,r; cin>>r>>l;
		l--; r--;
		pock[l/D].pb(state(l,r,i));
		res[i] = (mint(2).pow(r+1)-1);
	}
	
	mint now=0;
	
	auto add = [&](int l,int r,int type) -> pii{
		if (type == 0){
			now -= com(r,l);
			l--;
		}else{
			now = now*2 - com(r,l);
			r++;
		}
	
		return {l,r};
	};
	
	auto del = [&](int l,int r,int type) -> pii{
		if (type == 0){
			now += com(r,l+1);
			l++;
		}else{
			now = (now + com(r-1,l)) / 2;
			r--;
		}
	
		return {l,r};
	};
	
	auto to = [&](int stl,int str,int gol,int gor){
		int x = gol - stl; 
		int y = gor - str;
	
		while(x != 0 || y != 0){
			if (y > 0){
				pii p = add(stl,str,1);
				stl = p.fi;
				str = p.se;
				y--;
			}else if (y < 0){
				pii p = del(stl,str,1);
				stl = p.fi;
				str = p.se;
				y++;
			}
		
			if (x > 0){
				pii p = del(stl,str,0);
				stl = p.fi;
				str = p.se;
				x--;
			}else if(x < 0){
				pii p = add(stl,str,0);
				stl = p.fi;
				str = p.se;
				x++;
			}
		}
	};
	
	int l=0,r=0;
	now = 1;
	
	rep(i,maxc+1){
		if (i%2 == 0){
			sort(rng(pock[i]));
		}else{
			sort(rrng(pock[i]));
		}
	
		fore(y , pock[i]){
			to(l,r,y.l,y.r);
			ans[y.i] = now;
			l = y.l;
			r = y.r;
		}
	}

	rep(i,q){
		ans[i] *= res[i];
	}
	
	fore(y , ans) printf("%d\n",y.val());

	return;
}

int main(){
	ios::sync_with_stdio(false);
	cin.tie(0);

	int t = 1;
	// cin>>t;

	rep(i,t){
		solve();
	}

	return 0;
}