#include <bits/stdc++.h>
#include <atcoder/all>
using namespace std;
using namespace atcoder;
//using mint = modint1000000007;
//const int mod = 1000000007;
using mint = modint998244353;
const int mod = 998244353;
//const int INF = 1e9;
//const long long LINF = 1e18;
#define rep(i, n) for (int i = 0; i < (n); ++i)
#define rep2(i,l,r)for(int i=(l);i<(r);++i)
#define rrep(i, n) for (int i = (n-1); i >= 0; --i)
#define rrep2(i,l,r)for(int i=(r-1);i>=(l);--i)
#define all(x) (x).begin(),(x).end()
#define allR(x) (x).rbegin(),(x).rend()
#define endl "\n"
#define P pair<int,int>
template<typename A, typename B> inline bool chmax(A & a, const B & b) { if (a < b) { a = b; return true; } return false; }
template<typename A, typename B> inline bool chmin(A & a, const B & b) { if (a > b) { a = b; return true; } return false; }
// combination mod prime
// https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8uowVvQ_-Mo&feature=youtu.be&t=1619
struct combination {
	vector<mint> fact, ifact;
	combination(int n) :fact(n + 1), ifact(n + 1) {
		assert(n < mod);
		fact[0] = 1;
		for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) fact[i] = fact[i - 1] * i;
		ifact[n] = fact[n].inv();
		for (int i = n; i >= 1; --i) ifact[i - 1] = ifact[i] * i;
	}
	mint operator()(int n, int k) { return com(n, k); }
	mint com(int n, int k) {
		//負の二項係数を考慮する場合にコメントアウトを外す
		//if (n < 0) return com(-n, k) * (k % 2 ? -1 : 1);
		if (k < 0 || k > n) return 0;
		return fact[n] * ifact[k] * ifact[n - k];
	}
	mint inv(int n, int k) {
		//if (n < 0) return inv(-n, k) * (k % 2 ? -1 : 1);
		if (k < 0 || k > n) return 0;
		return ifact[n] * fact[k] * fact[n - k];
	}
	mint p(int n, int k) { return fact[n] * ifact[n - k]; }
}c(2000006);
// 二項係数の区間和
mint v[200005][500];
struct ChooseLangeSum {
public:
	//pは素数
	ChooseLangeSum(int n) :n(n) { Init(); }
private:
	//下準備
	void Init() {
		sqrtn = sqrt(n);
		Create();
	}
	void Create() {
		int sz = n / sqrtn + 1;
		//v.resize(sz);
		//rep(i, sz)v[i].resize(n + 1);
		rep(i, sz)rep(j, n + 1) {
			int x = sqrtn * i;
			if (0 != j)v[i][j] = v[i][j - 1];
			v[i][j] += c(x, j);
		}
	}
public:
	// f(n,m) = Binom(n,0) +...+Binom(n,m)
	mint f(int n, int m) {
		mint ret = v[n / sqrtn][m];
		int x = (n / sqrtn)*sqrtn;
		while (n != x) {
			ret *= 2;
			ret -= c(x, m);
			x++;
		}
		return ret;
		//if (0 == n % sqrtn) return v[n / sqrtn][m];
		//return f(n - 1, m) * 2 - c(n - 1, m);
	}
	mint f(int n, int l, int r) {
		// Binom(n,l)+...+Binom(n,r)
		return f(n, r) - f(n, l - 1);
	}
private:
	int n;
	int sqrtn;
	//vector<vector<mint>>v;
};
int main() {
	ios::sync_with_stdio(false);
	cin.tie(nullptr);
	ChooseLangeSum cls(200005);
	int t; cin >> t;
	while (t--) {
		int n, m; cin >> n >> m;
		mint ans = pow_mod(2, n, mod) - 1;
		ans *= cls.f(n - 1, m - 1);
		cout << ans.val() << endl;
	}
	return 0;
}