#line 1 "main.cpp"
//#pragma GCC target("avx")
//#pragma GCC optimize("O3")
//#pragma GCC optimize("unroll-loops")
#include<bits/stdc++.h>

#ifdef LOCAL
#include <debug.hpp>
#define debug(...) debug_print::multi_print(#__VA_ARGS__, __VA_ARGS__)
#else
#define debug(...) (static_cast<void>(0))
#endif
using namespace std;
using ll = long long;
using ld = long double;
using pll = pair<ll, ll>;
using pii = pair<int, int>;
using vi = vector<int>;
using vvi = vector<vi>;
using vvvi = vector<vvi>;
using vl = vector<ll>;
using vvl = vector<vl>;
using vvvl = vector<vvl>;
using vpii = vector<pii>;
using vpll = vector<pll>;
using vs = vector<string>;
template<class T> using pq = priority_queue<T, vector<T>, greater<T>>;
#define overload4(_1, _2, _3, _4, name, ...) name
#define overload3(a,b,c,name,...) name
#define rep1(n) for (ll UNUSED_NUMBER = 0; UNUSED_NUMBER < (n); ++UNUSED_NUMBER)
#define rep2(i, n) for (ll i = 0; i < (n); ++i)
#define rep3(i, a, b) for (ll i = (a); i < (b); ++i)
#define rep4(i, a, b, c) for (ll i = (a); i < (b); i += (c))
#define rep(...) overload4(__VA_ARGS__, rep4, rep3, rep2, rep1)(__VA_ARGS__)
#define rrep1(n) for(ll i = (n) - 1;i >= 0;i--)
#define rrep2(i,n) for(ll i = (n) - 1;i >= 0;i--)
#define rrep3(i,a,b) for(ll i = (b) - 1;i >= (a);i--)
#define rrep4(i,a,b,c) for(ll i = (a) + ((b)-(a)-1) / (c) * (c);i >= (a);i -= c)
#define rrep(...) overload4(__VA_ARGS__, rrep4, rrep3, rrep2, rrep1)(__VA_ARGS__)
#define all1(i) begin(i) , end(i)
#define all2(i,a) begin(i) , begin(i) + a
#define all3(i,a,b) begin(i) + a , begin(i) + b
#define all(...) overload3(__VA_ARGS__, all3, all2, all1)(__VA_ARGS__)
#define sum(...) accumulate(all(__VA_ARGS__),0LL)
template<class T> bool chmin(T &a, const T &b){ if(a > b){ a = b; return 1; } else return 0; }
template<class T> bool chmax(T &a, const T &b){ if(a < b){ a = b; return 1; } else return 0; }
template<class T> auto min(const T& a){ return *min_element(all(a)); }
template<class T> auto max(const T& a){ return *max_element(all(a)); }
template<class... Ts> void in(Ts&... t);
#define INT(...) int __VA_ARGS__; in(__VA_ARGS__)
#define LL(...) ll __VA_ARGS__; in(__VA_ARGS__)
#define STR(...) string __VA_ARGS__; in(__VA_ARGS__)
#define CHR(...) char __VA_ARGS__; in(__VA_ARGS__)
#define DBL(...) double __VA_ARGS__; in(__VA_ARGS__)
#define LD(...) ld __VA_ARGS__; in(__VA_ARGS__)
#define VEC(type, name, size) vector<type> name(size); in(name)
#define VV(type, name, h, w) vector<vector<type>> name(h, vector<type>(w)); in(name)
ll intpow(ll a, ll b){ ll ans = 1; while(b){if(b & 1) ans *= a; a *= a; b /= 2;} return ans;}
ll modpow(ll a, ll b, ll p){ ll ans = 1; a %= p;while(b){ if(b & 1) (ans *= a) %= p; (a *= a) %= p; b /= 2; } return ans; }
ll GCD(ll a,ll b) { if(a == 0 || b == 0) return 0; if(a % b == 0) return b; else return GCD(b,a%b);}
ll LCM(ll a,ll b) { if(a == 0) return b; if(b == 0) return a;return a / GCD(a,b) * b;}
namespace IO{
#define VOID(a) decltype(void(a))
struct setting{ setting(){cin.tie(nullptr); ios::sync_with_stdio(false);fixed(cout); cout.precision(12);}} setting;
template<int I> struct P : P<I-1>{};
template<> struct P<0>{};
template<class T> void i(T& t){ i(t, P<3>{}); }
void i(vector<bool>::reference t, P<3>){ int a; i(a); t = a; }
template<class T> auto i(T& t, P<2>) -> VOID(cin >> t){ cin >> t; }
template<class T> auto i(T& t, P<1>) -> VOID(begin(t)){ for(auto&& x : t) i(x); }
template<class T, size_t... idx> void ituple(T& t, index_sequence<idx...>){
    in(get<idx>(t)...);}
template<class T> auto i(T& t, P<0>) -> VOID(tuple_size<T>{}){
    ituple(t, make_index_sequence<tuple_size<T>::value>{});}
#undef VOID
}
#define unpack(a) (void)initializer_list<int>{(a, 0)...}
template<class... Ts> void in(Ts&... t){ unpack(IO :: i(t)); }
#undef unpack
static const double PI = 3.1415926535897932;
template <class F> struct REC {
    F f;
    REC(F &&f_) : f(forward<F>(f_)) {}
    template <class... Args> auto operator()(Args &&...args) const { return f(*this, forward<Args>(args)...); }};
//constexpr int mod = 1000000007;
constexpr int mod = 998244353;
#line 2 "library/modint/Modint.hpp"
template <int mod>
struct Modint{
    int x;
    Modint():x(0) {}
    Modint(long long y): x(y >= 0 ? y % mod : (mod - (-y) % mod) % mod) {}
    Modint &operator += (const Modint &p) {
        if((x += p.x) >= mod) x -= mod;
        return *this;}
    Modint &operator -= (const Modint &p) {
        if ((x += mod - p.x) >= mod) x -= mod;
        return *this;}
    Modint &operator *= (const Modint &p) {
        x = (int)(1LL * x * p.x % mod);
        return *this;}
    Modint &operator /= (const Modint &p) {
        *this *= p.inverse();
        return *this;}
    Modint operator -() const{return Modint(-x);}
    Modint operator +(const Modint &p) const {return Modint(*this) += p;}
    Modint operator -(const Modint &p) const {return Modint(*this) -= p;}
    Modint operator *(const Modint &p) const {return Modint(*this) *= p;}
    Modint operator /(const Modint &p) const {return Modint(*this) /= p;}
    Modint &operator ++() {if(x == mod - 1) x = 0; else x++; return *this;}
    Modint &operator --() {if(x == 0) x = mod - 1; else x--; return *this;} 
    bool operator == (const Modint &p) const {return x == p.x;}
    bool operator != (const Modint &p) const {return x != p.x;}
    Modint inverse() const {
        int a = x, b = mod, u = 1, v = 0, t;
        while (b > 0) {
            t = a / b;
            swap(a -= t * b, b);
            swap(u -= t * v, v);
        }
        return Modint(u);}
    Modint pow(long long n) const {
        Modint ret(1), mul(x);
        while (n > 0) {
            if (n & 1) ret *= mul;
            mul *= mul;
            n >>= 1;
        }
        return ret;}
    friend ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, const Modint &p) { return os << p.x; }
    friend istream &operator>>(istream &is, Modint &a) {
        long long t;
        is >> t;
        a = Modint<mod>(t);
        return (is);
    }
    static constexpr int get_mod() {return mod;}
};
#line 87 "main.cpp"
using mint = Modint<mod>;
using vm = vector<mint>;
using vvm = vector<vm>;
using vvvm = vector<vvm>;

#line 2 "modulo/multipoint-binomial-sum.hpp"

#line 2 "misc/mo.hpp"

struct Mo {
  int width;
  vector<int> left, right, order;

  Mo(int N, int Q) : order(Q) {
    width = max<int>(1, 1.0 * N / max<double>(1.0, sqrt(Q * 2.0 / 3.0)));
    iota(begin(order), end(order), 0);
  }

  void insert(int l, int r) { /* [l, r) */
    left.emplace_back(l);
    right.emplace_back(r);
  }

  template <typename AL, typename AR, typename DL, typename DR, typename REM>
  void run(const AL &add_left, const AR &add_right, const DL &delete_left,
           const DR &delete_right, const REM &rem) {
    assert(left.size() == order.size());
    sort(begin(order), end(order), [&](int a, int b) {
      int ablock = left[a] / width, bblock = left[b] / width;
      if (ablock != bblock) return ablock < bblock;
      if (ablock & 1) return right[a] < right[b];
      return right[a] > right[b];
    });
    int nl = 0, nr = 0;
    for (auto idx : order) {
      while (nl > left[idx]) add_left(--nl);
      while (nr < right[idx]) add_right(nr++);
      while (nl < left[idx]) delete_left(nl++);
      while (nr > right[idx]) delete_right(--nr);
      rem(idx);
    }
  }
};

/**
 * @brief Mo's algorithm
 * @docs docs/misc/mo.md
 */
#line 2 "modulo/binomial.hpp"

template <typename T>
struct Binomial {
  vector<T> f, g, h;
  Binomial(int MAX = 0) {
    assert(T::get_mod() != 0 && "Binomial<mint>()");
    f.resize(1, T{1});
    g.resize(1, T{1});
    h.resize(1, T{1});
    while (MAX >= (int)f.size()) extend();
  }

  void extend() {
    int n = f.size();
    int m = n * 2;
    f.resize(m);
    g.resize(m);
    h.resize(m);
    for (int i = n; i < m; i++) f[i] = f[i - 1] * T(i);
    g[m - 1] = f[m - 1].inverse();
    h[m - 1] = g[m - 1] * f[m - 2];
    for (int i = m - 2; i >= n; i--) {
      g[i] = g[i + 1] * T(i + 1);
      h[i] = g[i] * f[i - 1];
    }
  }

  T fac(int i) {
    if (i < 0) return T(0);
    while (i >= (int)f.size()) extend();
    return f[i];
  }

  T finv(int i) {
    if (i < 0) return T(0);
    while (i >= (int)g.size()) extend();
    return g[i];
  }

  T inv(int i) {
    if (i < 0) return -inv(-i);
    while (i >= (int)h.size()) extend();
    return h[i];
  }

  T C(int n, int r) {
    if (n < 0 || n < r || r < 0) return T(0);
    return fac(n) * finv(n - r) * finv(r);
  }

  inline T operator()(int n, int r) { return C(n, r); }

  template <typename I>
  T multinomial(const vector<I>& r) {
    static_assert(is_integral<I>::value == true);
    int n = 0;
    for (auto& x : r) {
      if (x < 0) return T(0);
      n += x;
    }
    T res = fac(n);
    for (auto& x : r) res *= finv(x);
    return res;
  }

  template <typename I>
  T operator()(const vector<I>& r) {
    return multinomial(r);
  }

  T C_naive(int n, int r) {
    if (n < 0 || n < r || r < 0) return T(0);
    T ret = T(1);
    r = min(r, n - r);
    for (int i = 1; i <= r; ++i) ret *= inv(i) * (n--);
    return ret;
  }

  T P(int n, int r) {
    if (n < 0 || n < r || r < 0) return T(0);
    return fac(n) * finv(n - r);
  }

  T H(int n, int r) {
    if (n < 0 || r < 0) return T(0);
    return r == 0 ? 1 : C(n + r - 1, r);
  }
};
#line 5 "modulo/multipoint-binomial-sum.hpp"

template <typename mint>
vector<mint> multipoint_binomial_sum(const vector<pair<int, int>>& qs) {
  int N = 2;
  for (auto& p : qs) N = max(N, p.first);
  Binomial<mint> b(N + 1);
  int Q = qs.size();
  Mo mo(N, Q);
  for (auto& p : qs) {
    assert(p.second <= p.first);
    assert(p.first <= N);
    mo.insert(p.second, p.first);
  }
  vector<mint> ans(Q);
  mint cur = 1;
  int n = 0, m = 0;
  auto al = [&](int) { cur -= b.C(n, m--); };
  auto ar = [&](int) { cur += cur - b.C(n++, m); };
  auto el = [&](int) { cur += b.C(n, ++m); };
  auto er = [&](int) { cur = (cur + b.C(--n, m)) * b.inv(2); };
  auto q = [&](int i) { ans[i] = cur; };
  mo.run(al, ar, el, er, q);
  return ans;
}

/**
 * @brief 二項係数のprefix sumの多点評価
 */

int main() {
    INT(TT);
    vpii q(TT);
    vm ans(TT);
    rep(i,TT) {
        cin >> q[i].first >> q[i].second;
        ans[i] = mint(2).pow(q[i].first) - 1;
        q[i].first--;
        q[i].second--;
    }
    auto ret = multipoint_binomial_sum<mint>(q);
    rep(i,TT) cout << ans[i] * ret[i] << '\n';
}