#include using namespace std; typedef signed long long ll; #define _P(...) (void)printf(__VA_ARGS__) #define FOR(x,to) for(x=0;x<(to);x++) #define FORR(x,arr) for(auto& x:arr) #define FORR2(x,y,arr) for(auto& [x,y]:arr) #define ALL(a) (a.begin()),(a.end()) #define ZERO(a) memset(a,0,sizeof(a)) #define MINUS(a) memset(a,0xff,sizeof(a)) template bool chmax(T &a, const T &b) { if(a bool chmin(T &a, const T &b) { if(a>b){a=b;return 1;}return 0;} //------------------------------------------------------- int H,W,N,P; vector> V; template class SegTree_1 { public: vector val; static V const def=0; V comp(V l,V r){ return max(l,r);}; SegTree_1(){val=vector(NV*2,def);}; V getval(int x,int y,int l=0,int r=NV,int k=1) { // x<=i1) entry>>=1, val[entry]=comp(val[entry*2],val[entry*2+1]); } }; SegTree_1 st; const ll mo=998244353; ll modpow(ll a, ll n = mo-2) { ll r=1;a%=mo; while(n) r=r*((n%2)?a:1)%mo,a=a*a%mo,n>>=1; return r; } void solve() { int i,j,k,l,r,x,y; string s; cin>>H>>W>>N>>P; FOR(i,N) { cin>>x>>y; V.push_back({x,y}); } sort(ALL(V)); int ma=0; FORR2(x,y,V) { k=st.getval(0,y+1)+1; ma=max(ma,k); st.update(y,k); } int ng=H+W-3-ma; //全部アウト ll ret=1; FOR(i,ma) ret=ret*(mo+1-2*modpow(P)%mo)%mo; FOR(i,ng) ret=ret*(mo+1-modpow(P)%mo)%mo; cout<<(mo+1-ret)%mo<