#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>
#include <atcoder/modint>
using namespace std;
using i32 = int;
using u32 = unsigned int;
using i64 = long long;
using u64 = unsigned long long;
#define rep(i,n) for(int i=0; i<(int)(n); i++)
const i64 INF = 1001001001001001001;

using Modint = atcoder::static_modint<998244353>;


void testcase(){
    i64 X, Y; cin >> X >> Y;
    while(X & (1 << (Y+1))) Y++;
    cout << (((i64)2 << Y) - 1) << '\n';
}


int main(){
    int T; cin >> T;
    rep(t,T) testcase();
    return 0;
}


struct ios_do_not_sync{
    ios_do_not_sync(){
        ios::sync_with_stdio(false);
        cin.tie(nullptr);
    }
} ios_do_not_sync_instance;