#ifndef hari64
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
#pragma GCC target("avx2")
#pragma GCC optimize("O3")
#pragma GCC optimize("unroll-loops")
#define debug(...)
#else
#include "util/viewer.hpp"
#define debug(...) viewer::_debug(__LINE__, #__VA_ARGS__, __VA_ARGS__)
#endif
// clang-format off
using namespace std;
using ll = long long; using ld = long double;
using pii = pair<int, int>; using pll = pair<ll, ll>;
template <typename T> using vc = vector<T>;
template <typename T> using vvc = vector<vc<T>>;
template <typename T> using vvvc = vector<vvc<T>>;
using vi = vc<int>; using vll = vc<ll>; using vpii = vc<pii>; using vpll = vc<pll>;
using vvi = vc<vi>; using vvll = vc<vll>; using vvpi = vc<vpii>; using vvpll = vc<vpll>;
constexpr int INF = 1001001001; constexpr long long INFll = 1001001001001001001;
template <class T> bool chmax(T& a, const T& b) { return a < b ? a = b, 1 : 0; }
template <class T> bool chmin(T& a, const T& b) { return a > b ? a = b, 1 : 0; }
// clang-format on

int main() {
    cin.tie(0);
    ios::sync_with_stdio(false);

    int T;
    cin >> T;

    while (T--) {
        ll X, Y;
        cin >> X >> Y;
        assert(X & (1 << Y));
        while (X & (1 << (Y + 1))) {
            Y++;
        }
        cout << (1 << (Y + 1)) - 1 << endl;
    }

    return 0;
}