// #define _GLIBCXX_DEBUG #include <bits/stdc++.h> using namespace std; #include <atcoder/all> using namespace atcoder; using ll = long long; #define rep(i,n) for (ll i = 0; i < (n); ++i) using vl = vector<ll>; using vvl = vector<vl>; using P = pair<ll,ll>; #define pb push_back #define int long long #define double long double #define INF (ll) 3e18 // Ctrl + Shift + B コンパイル // Ctrl + C 中断 // ./m 実行 void solve(){ int x, y; cin >> x >> y; while(x & (1LL<<y)) y++; cout << (1LL<<y)-1 << endl; } signed main(){ int t; cin >> t; while(t--) solve(); }