import sys, time, random
from collections import deque, Counter, defaultdict
input = lambda: sys.stdin.readline().rstrip()
ii = lambda: int(input())
mi = lambda: map(int, input().split())
li = lambda: list(mi())
inf = 2 ** 63 - 1
mod = 998244353

t = ii()

for _ in range(t):
    x, y = mi()
    x |= (2 ** y - 1)
    ans = 0
    for bit in range(0, 60):
        if 1 & (x >> bit):
            ans += 1 << bit
    print(ans)