#include <cstdio>
#include <cstring>
#include <algorithm>
#include <cmath>
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <set>
#include <map>
#include <vector>
#include <queue>
#define ll long long
#define db double
using namespace std;
ll tt,x,y;
void solve() {
	scanf("%lld%lld",&y,&x);
	ll val = 1;
	while(x > 0) {
		x--;
		val *= 2;
	}
	while(true) {
		if (y & (val * 2)) {
			val *= 2;
		} else {
			break;
		}
	}
	printf("%lld\n",2 * val - 1);
}
int main() {
	scanf("%lld",&tt);
	while(tt) {
		solve();
		tt--;
	}
	return 0;
}