#include <bits/stdc++.h>
#define lson(x) x<<1
#define rson(x) x<<1|1
#define lowbit(x) x&-x
#define int long long
#define inf 1000000007
#define mod 1000000007
using namespace std;
const int maxn=2e5+5;
void solve()
{
    int x,y;
    cin>>x>>y;
    while(x&(1<<y))
        y++;
    y--;
    int ans=1;
    while(y)
    {
        ans+=(1<<y);
        y--;
    }
    cout<<ans<<"\n";
}
signed main()
{
    ios::sync_with_stdio(false);
    cin.tie(0);
    cout.tie(0);
    int t=1;
    cin>>t;
    while(t--)
    {
        solve();
    }
    return 0;
}
//1
//01
//11
//001
//101
//011
//111
//0001
//1001
//0101
//1101
//0011
//