T = int(input())
XY = [list(map(int, input().split())) for _ in range(T)]
for x, y in XY:
    ans = 0
    if x%4==0:
        r = y
        while (x>>(r+1))&1==1:
            r+=1
        now = 1<<r
        while now>0:
            ans+=now
            now//=2
        print(ans)
    elif x%4==1:
        if y==0:
            print(1)
        else:
            r = y
            while (x>>(r+1))&1==1:
                r+=1
            now = 1<<r
            while now>0:
                ans+=now
                now//=2
            print(ans)
    else:
        r = y
        while (x>>(r+1))&1==1:
            r+=1
        now = 1<<r
        while now>0:
            ans+=now
            now//=2
        print(ans)