T = int(input())
for _ in range(T):
    x, y = map(int, input().split())

    if not x >> y & 1:
        print(0)
    elif y == 0 and (x - 1) % 4 == 0:
        print(1)
    elif ((x - 1) % 8 == 1 and y == 1) or ((x - 1) % 8 == 2 and y in [0, 1]):
        print(3)
    else:
        cnt = 0
        while 2**(cnt+1) <= x:
            cnt += 1
        cnt -= 2  # 何番目のピラミッドか
        s = 3 + cnt  # 各ピラミッドの一番下
        for i, j in enumerate(range(cnt+2, 0, -1)):
            s += j * 2**i
        print(s)