#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>
#include <utility>
#include <map>
#include <set>
#include <queue>
#include <iomanip>
#include <cmath>
#include <atcoder/all>
using namespace std;
using namespace atcoder;
typedef long long ll;
#define rep(i,n) for (int i = 0; i < int(n);i++)

int main(){
  int tt;
  cin >> tt;
  while(tt--){
    ll x;
    int y;
    cin >> x >> y;
    int yy = y;
    for (int i = y+1; i < 60;i++){
      if (x & (1LL << i)){
        yy++;
      }
      else{
        break;
      }
    }
    cout << (1LL << yy+1)-1LL << endl;
  }

  

  return 0;
}