#include <bits/stdc++.h>
// #include "atcoder/modint"

using i64 = long long;
// using Fp = atcoder::modint998244353;

int main() {
    int T;
    std::cin >> T;
    while (T--) {
        i64 x, y;
        std::cin >> x >> y;
        while (true) {
            if (x & (1ll << (y + 1))) {
                ++y;
            } else {
                break;
            }
        }
        std::cout << (1ll << (y + 1)) - 1 << std::endl;
    }
}