#line 2 "/home/cocojapanpan/Procon_CPP/proconLibrary/lib/template/procon.hpp"

#ifndef DEBUG
// 提出時にassertはオフ
#ifndef NDEBUG
#define NDEBUG
#endif
// 定数倍高速化
#pragma GCC target("avx2")
#pragma GCC optimize("O3")
#pragma GCC optimize("unroll-loops")
#endif

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
using ll = long long;
using i64 = long long;
using u64 = unsigned long long;

#define ALL(x) (x).begin(), (x).end()
template <class T>
using vec = vector<T>;
template <class T, class S>
inline bool chmax(T &a, const S &b) {
    return (a < b ? a = b, 1 : 0);
}
template <class T, class S>
inline bool chmin(T &a, const S &b) {
    return (a > b ? a = b, 1 : 0);
}
template <class T>
constexpr T INF = 1'000'000'000;
template <>
constexpr int INF<int> = 1'000'000'000;
template <>
constexpr ll INF<ll> = ll(INF<int>) * INF<int> * 2;
#line 2 "main.cpp"
ll solve() {
    ll x, y;
    cin >> x >> y;
    // 黒い中で一番下へ移る
    x = (x / (1 << y) + 1) * (1 << y) - 1;
    ll ans = (1 << (y + 1)) - 1;
    for(int ny = y + 1; ny < 60; ny++) {
        if((x >> ny) & 1) {
            ans += (1 << ny);
        } else {
            break;
        }
    }
    return ans;
}
int main() {
    ios_base::sync_with_stdio(false);
    cin.tie(nullptr);
    int T;
    cin >> T;
    for(int i = 0; i < T; i++) {
        cout << solve() << "\n";
    }
}