T=int(input())
for _ in range(T):
  x,y=map(int,input().split())
  #(x,y)=b -> unit
  #(x,y)=w -> disjoint
  bit=bin(x)[2:][::-1]

  if bit[y]=="1":
    while y+1<len(bit):
      y+=1
    print((2**(y+1)-1))
  else:
    ans=0
    for dx,dy in [[0,-1],[-1,0],[0,1],[1,0]]:
      if x+dx<0 or y+dy<0:
        continue
      bit=bin(x+dx)[2:][::-1]
      i=y+dy
      if bit[i]=="1":
        while i+1<len(bit) and bit[i+1]=="1":
          i+=1
        ans+=(2**(i+1)-1)
      if (dx,dy)==(0,1):break
    print(ans)