import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.io.PrintWriter;

public class Main {
	public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
		BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
		int t = Integer.parseInt(br.readLine());
		PrintWriter pw = new PrintWriter(System.out);
		for (int z = 0; z < t; z++) {
			String[] sa = br.readLine().split(" ");
			long x = Long.parseLong(sa[0]);
			int y = Integer.parseInt(sa[1]);
			int m = 0;
			for (int i = y + 1; i <= 60; i++) {
				if ((x >> i & 1) == 0) {
					m = i;
					break;
				}
			}
			pw.println((1L << m) - 1);
		}
		pw.flush();
		br.close();
	}
}