# import pypyjit;pypyjit.set_param("max_unroll_recursion=-1")
# from bisect import *
# from collections import *
# from heapq import *
# from itertools import *
# from math import *
# from datetime import *
# from decimal import *  # PyPyだと遅い
# from string import ascii_lowercase,ascii_uppercase
# import numpy as np
import sys

# sys.setrecursionlimit(10**6) # PyPyだと遅い
INF = 10**20
MOD = 998244353
# MOD = 10**9 + 7
File = sys.stdin


def input():
    return File.readline()[:-1]


# ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////


for _ in range(int(input())):
    x, y = map(int, input().split())
    cnt = 0
    for i in range(70):
        if x & 1 << y + i + 1:
            cnt += 1
        else:
            break
    print(2 ** (y + cnt + 1) - 1)