typedef long long ll;
typedef long double ld;

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
#define int long long

ll isqrt(ll N){
	ll sqrtN=sqrt(N)-1;
	while(sqrtN+1<=N/(sqrtN+1))sqrtN++;
	return sqrtN;
}

signed main(){
    ll t;
    std::cin >> t;
    for (int ii = 0; ii < t; ii++) {
        ll x,y;
        std::cin >> x>>y;
        if(x&(1ll<<y)){
            ll ma = y;
            while(x&(1ll<<(y+1))){
                y++;
                ma = y;
            }
            std::cout << (1ll<<(ma+1))-1 << std::endl;
        }else{
            std::cout << 0 << std::endl;
            continue;
        }
    }
}