// #ifndef ONLINE_JUDGE
#if __has_include("all.h")

#include "all.h"

#else

#include <bits/extc++.h>

#include <atcoder/all>

#endif

using ll = long long int;

template <class T>
bool chmin(T &x, const T val) {
  if (x > val) {
    x = val;
    return true;
  } else {
    return false;
  }
}

template <class T>
bool chmax(T &x, const T val) {
  if (x < val) {
    x = val;
    return true;
  } else {
    return false;
  }
}

template <class T, class U>
std::istream &operator>>(std::istream &is, std::pair<T, U> &p) {
  return is >> p.first >> p.second;
}

template <class T>
std::istream &operator>>(std::istream &is, std::vector<T> &v) {
  for (T &x : v) is >> x;
  return is;
}

template <class... T>
std::istream &operator>>(std::istream &is, std::tuple<T...> &tpl) {
  [&is, &tpl ]<size_t... I>(std::index_sequence<I...>) {
    (is >> ... >> std::get<I>(tpl));
  }
  (std::make_index_sequence<std::tuple_size_v<std::tuple<T...>>>{});
  return is;
}

template <class mint, atcoder::internal::is_static_modint_t<mint> * = nullptr>
std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &os, const mint &v) {
  return os << v.val();
}

template <class T>
std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &os, const std::vector<T> &v) {
  for (int i = 0; i < v.size(); i++)
    os << v[i] << (i == v.size() - 1 ? "" : " ");
  return os;
}

struct Initialization {
  Initialization() {
    std::ios_base::sync_with_stdio(false);
    std::cin.tie(nullptr);
  }
} initialization;

constexpr std::pair<int, int> dir[] = {{0, 1}, {1, 0}, {0, -1}, {-1, 0}};

template <typename T>
using infs = std::numeric_limits<T>;

template <typename T>
class factorials {
  size_t n;
  std::vector<T> fact, inv_fact;

  void extend(size_t m) {
    if (m <= n) return;
    fact.resize(m + 1);
    inv_fact.resize(m + 1);
    for (size_t i = n + 1; i <= m; i++) fact[i] = fact[i - 1] * i;
    inv_fact[m] = fact[m].inv();
    for (size_t i = m - 1; i >= n + 1; i--) inv_fact[i] = inv_fact[i + 1] * i;
    n = m;
  }

 public:
  factorials() : n(0), fact(1, 1), inv_fact(1, 1) {}

  factorials(size_t n) : n(n), fact(n + 1), inv_fact(n + 1) {
    fact[0] = 1;
    for (size_t i = 1; i <= n; i++) fact[i] = fact[i - 1] * i;
    inv_fact[n] = fact[n].inv();
    for (size_t i = n; i >= 1; i--) inv_fact[i - 1] = inv_fact[i] * i;
  }

  T inv(int k) {
    extend(k);
    return inv_fact[k];
  }

  T operator()(int k) {
    extend(k);
    return fact[k];
  }

  T perm(int n, int k) {
    if (n < k) return 0;
    if (k < 0) return 0;
    extend(n);
    return fact[n] * inv_fact[n - k];
  }

  T choose(int n, int k) {
    if (n < k) return 0;
    if (k < 0) return 0;
    extend(n);
    return fact[n] * inv_fact[n - k] * inv_fact[k];
  }
};

template <typename T>
class fps {
  std::vector<T> v;

 public:
  using value_type = T;
  using reference = T &;
  using const_reference = const T &;
  using iterator = typename std::vector<T>::iterator;
  using const_iterator = typename std::vector<T>::const_iterator;

  size_t size() const { return v.size(); }

  const std::vector<T> &data() const { return v; }

  explicit fps(int n) : v(n) {}

  fps(const std::vector<T> &v) : v(v) {}
  fps(std::vector<T> &&v) : v(v) {}

  template <class InputIterator>
  fps(InputIterator first, InputIterator last) : v(first, last) {}

  void resize(int n) { v.resize(n); }

  T &operator[](int i) { return v[i]; }

  iterator begin() { return v.begin(); }

  iterator end() { return v.end(); }

  fps diff() {
    std::vector<T> res(v.size() - 1);
    for (int i = 0; i < res.size(); i++) res[i] = v[i + 1] * (i + 1);
    return fps(res);
  }

  fps integral() {
    std::vector<T> res(v.size() + 1);
    for (int i = 0; i < v.size(); i++) res[i + 1] = v[i] / (i + 1);
    return fps(res);
  }

  fps inv(int deg = -1) {
    assert(v[0] != 0);

    if (deg == -1) deg = size();
    std::vector<T> res(deg);

    res[0] = v[0].inv();

    for (int d = 1; d < deg; d <<= 1) {
      std::vector<T> f(2 * d), g(2 * d);

      std::copy(v.begin(), v.begin() + std::min(2 * d, (int)v.size()),
                std::back_inserter(f));
      std::copy(res.begin(), res.begin() + d, std::back_inserter(g));

      atcoder::internal::butterfly(f);
      atcoder::internal::butterfly(g);

      for (int i = 0; i < 2 * d; i++) f[i] *= g[i];

      atcoder::internal::butterfly_inv(f);

      for (int i = 0; i < d; i++) f[i] = 0;

      atcoder::internal::butterfly(f);

      for (int i = 0; i < 2 * d; i++) f[i] *= g[i];

      atcoder::internal::butterfly_inv(f);

      for (int i = d; i < std::min(2 * d, deg); i++) res[i] = -f[i];
    }

    res.resize(deg);

    return res;
  }

  fps operator-() {
    fps res(v.size());
    for (int i = 0; i < v.size(); i++) res[i] = -v[i];
    return res;
  }

  fps &operator+=(const fps &rhs) {
    if (v.size() < rhs.v.size()) v.resize(rhs.v.size());
    for (int i = 0; i < rhs.v.size(); i++) v[i] += rhs.v[i];
    return *this;
  }

  fps &operator-=(const fps &rhs) {
    if (v.size() < rhs.v.size()) v.resize(rhs.v.size());
    for (int i = 0; i < rhs.v.size(); i++) v[i] -= rhs.v[i];
    return *this;
  }

  fps &operator*=(const fps &rhs) {
    return *this = atcoder::convolution(v, rhs.v);
  }

  fps &operator+=(const T &rhs) {
    if (v.size() == 0) v.resize(1);
    v[0] += rhs;
    return *this;
  }

  fps &operator-=(const T &rhs) {
    if (v.size() == 0) v.resize(1);
    v[0] -= rhs;
    return *this;
  }

  fps &operator*=(const T &rhs) {
    for (int i = 0; i < v.size(); i++) v[i] *= rhs;
    return *this;
  }

  fps &operator/=(const T &rhs) {
    T rhs_inv = rhs.inv();
    for (int i = 0; i < v.size(); i++) v[i] *= rhs_inv;
    return *this;
  }

  friend fps operator+(const fps &lhs, const fps &rhs) {
    return fps(lhs) += rhs;
  }

  friend fps operator-(const fps &lhs, const fps &rhs) {
    return fps(lhs) -= rhs;
  }

  friend fps operator*(const fps &lhs, const fps &rhs) {
    return fps(lhs) *= rhs;
  }

  friend fps operator+(const fps &lhs, const T &rhs) { return fps(lhs) += rhs; }

  friend fps operator-(const fps &lhs, const T &rhs) { return fps(lhs) -= rhs; }

  friend fps operator*(const fps &lhs, const T &rhs) { return fps(lhs) *= rhs; }

  friend fps operator/(const fps &lhs, const T &rhs) { return fps(lhs) /= rhs; }

  friend fps operator+(const T &lhs, const fps &rhs) { return fps(rhs) += lhs; }

  friend fps operator-(const T &lhs, const fps &rhs) {
    return -(fps(rhs) -= lhs);
  }

  friend fps operator*(const T &lhs, const fps &rhs) { return fps(rhs) *= lhs; }
};

using mint = atcoder::modint998244353;

ll solve(ll x, int y) {
  if (x == 0) return 0;

  int t = std::__bit_width(x) - 1;
  ll z = 1LL << t, p = z - (x - z) - 1;

  if (y >= std::__bit_width(p)) {
    return z + solve(z - 1, 0);
  } else {
    return solve(x - z, y);
  }
}

int main() {
  int T;
  std::cin >> T;

  while (T--) {
    ll x, y;
    std::cin >> x >> y;

    std::cout << solve(x, y) << "\n";
  }
}