#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

void solve() {
    long long x, y;
    cin >> x >> y;
    while(x & (1ll << y)) y ++;
    cout << (1ll << y) - 1 << "\n";
}

int main() {
    ios::sync_with_stdio(false);
    cin.tie(0);

    int T;
    cin >> T;
    while(T --)
        solve();
}