#include <iostream>
#include <math.h>
#include <vector>

using namespace std;

typedef long long ll;
#define rep(i, n) for (int i = 0; i < (int)(n); i++)

void solve(ll x,ll y){
    while(x > 0){
        if (x % 2 == 1)y++;
        x /= 2;
    }
    cout << pow(2,y) - 1 << endl;
}

int main(){
    int T;
    
    cin >> T;
    rep(i,T){
        ll x,y;
        cin >> x >> y;
        solve(x,y);
    }
}