#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std ;
typedef long long ll ;
typedef unsigned long long ull ;
typedef pair < int , int > pii ;
typedef vector < int > vi ;
#define fi first
#define se second
mt19937 rng(chrono::high_resolution_clock::now().time_since_epoch().count());

#define rep(i, a, b) for(int i = a; i < (b); ++i)
#define all(x) begin(x), end(x)
#define sz(x) (int)(x).size()

const int MOD = 998244353 ;

ll fastpow ( ll x , ll pw ) {
    ll ret = 1 ;
    while ( pw > 0 ) {
        if ( ( pw % 2 ) == 0 ) {
            x = ( x * x ) % MOD ;
            pw /= 2 ;
        }
        else {
            ret = ( ret * x ) % MOD ;
            -- pw ;
        }
    }
    return ret ;
}

void solve ( ) {
    int n , k ;
    cin >> n >> k ;
    ll ans = 0 ;
    for ( int i = 2 ; i <= k + 1 ; ++ i ) {
        ans = ( ans + fastpow ( i , n ) ) % MOD ;
    }
    cout << ans << "\n" ;
}

int main ( ) {
    ios_base :: sync_with_stdio ( false ) ;
    cin.tie ( NULL ) ;
    int t = 1 ; cin >> t ;
    while ( t -- ) { solve ( ) ; }
    return 0 ;
}