// 入力制約チェック #ifdef DEBUG #define _GLIBCXX_DEBUG #define SIGNAL signal( SIGABRT , &AlertAbort ); #define DEXPR( LL , BOUND , VALUE , DEBUG_VALUE ) CEXPR( LL , BOUND , DEBUG_VALUE ) #define ASSERT( A , MIN , MAX ) CERR( "ASSERTチェック: " , ( MIN ) , ( ( MIN ) <= A ? "<=" : ">" ) , A , ( A <= ( MAX ) ? "<=" : ">" ) , ( MAX ) ); assert( ( MIN ) <= A && A <= ( MAX ) ) #define CERR( ... ) VariadicCout( cerr , __VA_ARGS__ ) << endl #define COUT( ... ) VariadicCout( cout << "出力: " , __VA_ARGS__ ) << endl #define CERR_A( A , N ) OUTPUT_ARRAY( cerr , A , N ) << endl #define COUT_A( A , N ) cout << "出力: "; OUTPUT_ARRAY( cout , A , N ) << endl #define CERR_ITR( A ) OUTPUT_ITR( cerr , A ) << endl #define COUT_ITR( A ) cout << "出力: "; OUTPUT_ITR( cout , A ) << endl #else #pragma GCC optimize ( "O3" ) #pragma GCC optimize ( "unroll-loops" ) #pragma GCC target ( "sse4.2,fma,avx2,popcnt,lzcnt,bmi2" ) #define SIGNAL #define DEXPR( LL , BOUND , VALUE , DEBUG_VALUE ) CEXPR( LL , BOUND , VALUE ) #define ASSERT( A , MIN , MAX ) assert( ( MIN ) <= A && A <= ( MAX ) ) #define CERR( ... ) #define COUT( ... ) VariadicCout( cout , __VA_ARGS__ ) << "\n" #define CERR_A( A , N ) #define COUT_A( A , N ) OUTPUT_ARRAY( cout , A , N ) << "\n" #define CERR_ITR( A ) #define COUT_ITR( A ) OUTPUT_ITR( cout , A ) << "\n" #endif #include using namespace std; using uint = unsigned int; using ll = long long; using ull = unsigned long long; using ld = long double; using lld = __float128; template using T2 = pair; template using T3 = tuple; template using T4 = tuple; #define SET_TESTCASE_NUM SET_ASSERT( test_case_num , 1 , bound_test_case_num ); // #define #define SET_TESTCASE_NUM GETLINE_COUNT( test_case_num_str , 1 , " " ); STOI( test_case_num_str , test_case_num_prep , bound_test_case_num ); test_case_num = test_case_num_prep #define REPEAT_MAIN( BOUND ) int main(){ ios_base::sync_with_stdio( false ); cin.tie( nullptr ); SIGNAL; DEXPR( int , bound_test_case_num , BOUND , min( BOUND , 100 ) ); int test_case_num = 1; if constexpr( bound_test_case_num > 1 ){ SET_TESTCASE_NUM; } REPEAT( test_case_num ){ if constexpr( bound_test_case_num > 1 ){ CERR( "testcase " , VARIABLE_FOR_REPEAT_test_case_num , ":" ); } Solve(); CERR( "" ); } CHECK_REDUNDANT_INPUT; } #define START_WATCH chrono::system_clock::time_point watch = chrono::system_clock::now() #define CURRENT_TIME static_cast( chrono::duration_cast( chrono::system_clock::now() - watch ).count() / 1000.0 ) #define CHECK_WATCH( TL_MS ) ( CURRENT_TIME < TL_MS - 100.0 ) #define TYPE_OF( VAR ) decay_t #define CEXPR( LL , BOUND , VALUE ) constexpr LL BOUND = VALUE #define CIN( LL , ... ) LL __VA_ARGS__; VariadicCin( cin , __VA_ARGS__ ) #define SET_ASSERT( A , MIN , MAX ) cin >> A; ASSERT( A , MIN , MAX ) #define CIN_ASSERT( A , MIN , MAX ) TYPE_OF( MAX ) A; SET_ASSERT( A , MIN , MAX ) #define SET_A( A , N ) SOLVE_ONLY; FOR( VARIABLE_FOR_CIN_A , 0 , N ){ cin >> A[VARIABLE_FOR_CIN_A]; } #define CIN_A( LL , A , N ) vector A( N ); SET_A( A , N ); #define GETLINE_SEPARATE( SEPARATOR , ... ) string __VA_ARGS__; VariadicGetline( cin , SEPARATOR , __VA_ARGS__ ) #define GETLINE( ... ) GETLINE_SEPARATE( '\n' , __VA_ARGS__ ) #define FOR( VAR , INITIAL , FINAL_PLUS_ONE ) for( TYPE_OF( FINAL_PLUS_ONE ) VAR = INITIAL ; VAR < FINAL_PLUS_ONE ; VAR ++ ) #define FOREQ( VAR , INITIAL , FINAL ) for( TYPE_OF( FINAL ) VAR = INITIAL ; VAR <= FINAL ; VAR ++ ) #define FOREQINV( VAR , INITIAL , FINAL ) for( TYPE_OF( INITIAL ) VAR = INITIAL ; VAR >= FINAL ; VAR -- ) #define AUTO_ITR( ARRAY ) auto itr_ ## ARRAY = ARRAY .begin() , end_ ## ARRAY = ARRAY .end() #define FOR_ITR( ARRAY ) for( AUTO_ITR( ARRAY ) , itr = itr_ ## ARRAY ; itr_ ## ARRAY != end_ ## ARRAY ; itr_ ## ARRAY ++ , itr++ ) #define REPEAT( HOW_MANY_TIMES ) FOR( VARIABLE_FOR_REPEAT_ ## HOW_MANY_TIMES , 0 , HOW_MANY_TIMES ) #define SET_PRECISION( DECIMAL_DIGITS ) cout << fixed << setprecision( DECIMAL_DIGITS ) #define OUTPUT_ARRAY( OS , A , N ) FOR( VARIABLE_FOR_OUTPUT_ARRAY , 0 , N ){ OS << A[VARIABLE_FOR_OUTPUT_ARRAY] << (VARIABLE_FOR_OUTPUT_ARRAY==N-1?"":" "); } OS #define OUTPUT_ITR( OS , A ) { auto ITERATOR_FOR_OUTPUT_ITR = A.begin() , END_FOR_OUTPUT_ITR = A.end(); bool VARIABLE_FOR_OUTPUT_ITR = ITERATOR_FOR_COUT_ITR != END_FOR_COUT_ITR; while( VARIABLE_FOR_OUTPUT_ITR ){ OS << *ITERATOR_FOR_COUT_ITR; ( VARIABLE_FOR_OUTPUT_ITR = ++ITERATOR_FOR_COUT_ITR != END_FOR_COUT_ITR ) ? OS : OS << " "; } } OS #define RETURN( ... ) COUT( __VA_ARGS__ ); return // 入出力用 template inline basic_istream& VariadicCin( basic_istream& is ) { return is; } template inline basic_istream& VariadicCin( basic_istream& is , Arg& arg , ARGS&... args ) { return VariadicCin( is >> arg , args... ); } template inline basic_istream& VariadicGetline( basic_istream& is , const char& separator ) { return is; } template inline basic_istream& VariadicGetline( basic_istream& is , const char& separator , Arg& arg , ARGS&... args ) { return VariadicGetline( getline( is , arg , separator ) , separator , args... ); } template inline basic_ostream& VariadicCout( basic_ostream& os , const Arg& arg ) { return os << arg; } template inline basic_ostream& VariadicCout( basic_ostream& os , const Arg1& arg1 , const Arg2& arg2 , const ARGS&... args ) { return VariadicCout( os << arg1 << " " , arg2 , args... ); } #define POWER_MOD( ANSWER , ARGUMENT , EXPONENT , MODULO ) \ ll ANSWER{ 1 }; \ { \ ll ARGUMENT_FOR_SQUARE_FOR_POWER = ( ( ARGUMENT ) % ( MODULO ) ) % ( MODULO ); \ ARGUMENT_FOR_SQUARE_FOR_POWER < 0 ? ARGUMENT_FOR_SQUARE_FOR_POWER += ( MODULO ) : ARGUMENT_FOR_SQUARE_FOR_POWER; \ TYPE_OF( EXPONENT ) EXPONENT_FOR_SQUARE_FOR_POWER = ( EXPONENT ); \ while( EXPONENT_FOR_SQUARE_FOR_POWER != 0 ){ \ if( EXPONENT_FOR_SQUARE_FOR_POWER % 2 == 1 ){ \ ANSWER = ( ANSWER * ARGUMENT_FOR_SQUARE_FOR_POWER ) % ( MODULO ); \ } \ ARGUMENT_FOR_SQUARE_FOR_POWER = ( ARGUMENT_FOR_SQUARE_FOR_POWER * ARGUMENT_FOR_SQUARE_FOR_POWER ) % ( MODULO ); \ EXPONENT_FOR_SQUARE_FOR_POWER /= 2; \ } \ } \ // デバッグ用 #ifdef DEBUG inline void AlertAbort( int n ) { CERR( "abort関数が呼ばれました。assertマクロのメッセージが出力されていない場合はオーバーフローの有無を確認をしてください。" ); } void AutoCheck( bool& auto_checked ); #endif // 入力フォーマットチェック用 // 1行中の変数の個数をSEPARATOR区切りで確認 #define GETLINE_COUNT( S , VARIABLE_NUMBER , SEPARATOR ) GETLINE( S ); int VARIABLE_FOR_INDEX_FOR_GETLINE_FOR_ ## S = 0; int VARIABLE_FOR_SIZE_FOR_GETLINE_FOR_ ## S = S.size(); { int size = S.size(); int count = 0; for( int i = 0 ; i < size ; i++ ){ if( S.substr( i , 1 ) == SEPARATOR ){ count++; } } assert( count + 1 == VARIABLE_NUMBER ); } // 余計な入力の有無を確認 #ifdef DEBUG #define CHECK_REDUNDANT_INPUT #else #define CHECK_REDUNDANT_INPUT string VARIABLE_FOR_CHECK_REDUNDANT_INPUT = ""; cin >> VARIABLE_FOR_CHECK_REDUNDANT_INPUT; assert( VARIABLE_FOR_CHECK_REDUNDANT_INPUT == "" ); assert( ! cin ) // #define CHECK_REDUNDANT_INPUT string VARIABLE_FOR_CHECK_REDUNDANT_INPUT = ""; getline( cin , VARIABLE_FOR_CHECK_REDUNDANT_INPUT ); assert( VARIABLE_FOR_CHECK_REDUNDANT_INPUT == "" ); assert( ! cin ) #endif // |N| <= BOUNDを満たすNをSから構築 #define STOI( S , N , BOUND ) TYPE_OF( BOUND ) N = 0; { bool VARIABLE_FOR_POSITIVITY_FOR_GETLINE = true; assert( VARIABLE_FOR_INDEX_FOR_GETLINE_FOR_ ## S < VARIABLE_FOR_SIZE_FOR_GETLINE_FOR_ ## S ); if( S.substr( VARIABLE_FOR_INDEX_FOR_GETLINE_FOR_ ## S , 1 ) == "-" ){ VARIABLE_FOR_POSITIVITY_FOR_GETLINE = false; VARIABLE_FOR_INDEX_FOR_GETLINE_FOR_ ## S ++; assert( VARIABLE_FOR_INDEX_FOR_GETLINE_FOR_ ## S < VARIABLE_FOR_SIZE_FOR_GETLINE_FOR_ ## S ); } assert( S.substr( VARIABLE_FOR_INDEX_FOR_GETLINE_FOR_ ## S , 1 ) != " " ); string VARIABLE_FOR_LETTER_FOR_GETLINE{}; int VARIABLE_FOR_DIGIT_FOR_GETLINE{}; while( VARIABLE_FOR_INDEX_FOR_GETLINE_FOR_ ## S < VARIABLE_FOR_SIZE_FOR_GETLINE_FOR_ ## S ? ( VARIABLE_FOR_LETTER_FOR_GETLINE = S.substr( VARIABLE_FOR_INDEX_FOR_GETLINE_FOR_ ## S , 1 ) ) != " " : false ){ VARIABLE_FOR_DIGIT_FOR_GETLINE = stoi( VARIABLE_FOR_LETTER_FOR_GETLINE ); assert( N < BOUND / 10 ? true : N == BOUND / 10 && VARIABLE_FOR_DIGIT_FOR_GETLINE <= BOUND % 10 ); N = N * 10 + VARIABLE_FOR_DIGIT_FOR_GETLINE; VARIABLE_FOR_INDEX_FOR_GETLINE_FOR_ ## S ++; } if( ! VARIABLE_FOR_POSITIVITY_FOR_GETLINE ){ N *= -1; } if( VARIABLE_FOR_INDEX_FOR_GETLINE_FOR_ ## S < VARIABLE_FOR_SIZE_FOR_GETLINE_FOR_ ## S ){ VARIABLE_FOR_INDEX_FOR_GETLINE_FOR_ ## S ++; } } // SをSEPARATORで区切りTを構築 #define SEPARATE( S , T , SEPARATOR ) string T{}; { assert( VARIABLE_FOR_INDEX_FOR_GETLINE_FOR_ ## S < VARIABLE_FOR_SIZE_FOR_GETLINE_FOR_ ## S ); int VARIABLE_FOR_INDEX_FOR_GETLINE_FOR_ ## S_prev = VARIABLE_FOR_INDEX_FOR_GETLINE_FOR_ ## S; assert( S.substr( VARIABLE_FOR_INDEX_FOR_GETLINE_FOR_ ## S , 1 ) != SEPARATOR ); string VARIABLE_FOR_LETTER_FOR_GETLINE{}; while( VARIABLE_FOR_INDEX_FOR_GETLINE_FOR_ ## S < VARIABLE_FOR_SIZE_FOR_GETLINE_FOR_ ## S ? ( VARIABLE_FOR_LETTER_FOR_GETLINE = S.substr( VARIABLE_FOR_INDEX_FOR_GETLINE_FOR_ ## S , 1 ) ) != SEPARATOR : false ){ VARIABLE_FOR_INDEX_FOR_GETLINE_FOR_ ## S ++; } T = S.substr( VARIABLE_FOR_INDEX_FOR_GETLINE_FOR_ ## S_prev , VARIABLE_FOR_INDEX_FOR_GETLINE_FOR_ ## S - VARIABLE_FOR_INDEX_FOR_GETLINE_FOR_ ## S_prev ); if( VARIABLE_FOR_INDEX_FOR_GETLINE_FOR_ ## S < VARIABLE_FOR_SIZE_FOR_GETLINE_FOR_ ## S ){ VARIABLE_FOR_INDEX_FOR_GETLINE_FOR_ ## S ++; } } // 圧縮用 #define TE template #define TY typename #define US using #define ST static #define IN inline #define CL class #define PU public #define OP operator #define CE constexpr #define CO const #define NE noexcept #define RE return #define WH while #define VO void #define VE vector #define LI list #define BE begin #define EN end #define SZ size #define MO move #define TH this #define CRI CO int& #define CRUI CO uint& #define CRL CO ll& // 連結性の制約確認用のBFSライブラリ #define DC_OF_FIRST_SEARCH(BREADTH)TE CL BREADTH ## FirstSearch_Body{PU:int m_V;int m_init;LI m_next;bool m_found[V_max];int m_prev[V_max];IN BREADTH ## FirstSearch_Body(CRI V);IN BREADTH ## FirstSearch_Body(CRI V,CRI init);IN VO Reset(CRI init);IN VO Shift(CRI init);IN CRI SZ()CO;IN CRI init()CO;IN bool& found(CRI i);IN CRI prev(CRI i)CO;int Next();virtual LI e(CRI t)= 0;};TE E(CRI)> CL BREADTH ## FirstSearch:PU BREADTH ## FirstSearch_Body{PU:TE IN BREADTH ## FirstSearch(CO Args&... args);IN LI e(CRI t);};TE E(CRI)> VO BREADTH ## FirstConnectedComponent(CRI V,int(&cc_num)[V_max],int& count); #define DF_OF_FIRST_SEARCH(BREADTH,PUSH)TE IN BREADTH ## FirstSearch_Body::BREADTH ## FirstSearch_Body(CRI V):m_V(V),m_init(),m_next(),m_found(),m_prev(){assert(m_V <= V_max);for(int i = 0;i < m_V;i++){m_prev[i] = -1;}}TE IN BREADTH ## FirstSearch_Body::BREADTH ## FirstSearch_Body(CRI V,CRI init):BREADTH ## FirstSearch_Body(V){m_init = init;m_next.push_back(m_init);m_found[m_init] = true;}TE E(CRI)> TE IN BREADTH ## FirstSearch::BREADTH ## FirstSearch(CO Args&... args):BREADTH ## FirstSearch_Body(args...){}TE IN VO BREADTH ## FirstSearch_Body::Reset(CRI init){m_init = init;assert(m_init < m_V);m_next.clear();m_next.push_back(m_init);for(int i = 0;i < m_V;i++){m_found[i] = i == m_init;m_prev[i] = -1;}}TE IN VO BREADTH ## FirstSearch_Body::Shift(CRI init){m_init = init;assert(m_init < m_V);m_next.clear();if(! m_found[m_init]){m_next.push_back(m_init);m_found[m_init] = true;}}TE IN CRI BREADTH ## FirstSearch_Body::SZ()CO{RE m_V;}TE IN CRI BREADTH ## FirstSearch_Body::init()CO{RE m_init;}TE IN bool& BREADTH ## FirstSearch_Body::found(CRI i){assert(i < m_V);RE m_found[i];}TE IN CRI BREADTH ## FirstSearch_Body::prev(CRI i)CO{assert(i < m_V);RE m_prev[i];}TE int BREADTH ## FirstSearch_Body::Next(){if(m_next.empty()){RE -1;}CO int i_curr = m_next.front();m_next.pop_front();LI edge = e(i_curr);WH(! edge.empty()){CRI i = edge.front();bool& found_i = m_found[i];if(! found_i){m_next.PUSH(i);m_prev[i] = i_curr;found_i = true;}edge.pop_front();}RE i_curr;}TE E(CRI)> IN LI BREADTH ## FirstSearch::e(CRI t){RE E(t);}TE E(CRI)> VO BREADTH ## FirstConnectedComponentSearch(CRI V,int(&cc_num)[V_max],int& count){BREADTH ## FirstSearch bfs{V};count = 0;for(int i = 0;i < V;i++){cc_num[i] = -1;}for(int i = 0;i < V;i++){if(cc_num[i] == -1){bfs.Shift(i);int j = bfs.Next();WH(j != -1?cc_num[j] == -1:false){cc_num[j] = count;j = bfs.Next();}count++;}}RE;} DC_OF_FIRST_SEARCH(Breadth);DF_OF_FIRST_SEARCH(Breadth,push_back); TE E(CRI)>VO SetDepth_Body(BreadthFirstSearch& bfs,CRI V,int ( &depth )[V_max]){for(int i = 0;i < V;i++){depth[i] = -1;}int i = bfs.Next();depth[i] = 0;WH((i = bfs.Next())!= -1){depth[i] = depth[bfs.prev( i )] + 1;}RE;}TE E(CRI)>VO SetDepth(CRI V,CRI init,int ( &depth )[V_max]){BreadthFirstSearch bfs{V,init};SetDepth_Body(bfs,V,depth);RE;}TE E(CRI)>VO SetDepth(BreadthFirstSearch& bfs,CRI V,CRI init,int ( &depth )[V_max]){bfs.Reset(init);SetDepth_Body(bfs,V,depth);RE;} // グラフ用関数 template vector > e; template list E( const int& i ) { // list answer{}; list answer = e[i]; // VVV 入力によらない処理は以下に挿入する。 // AAA 入力によらない処理は以上に挿入する。 return answer; } inline void Solve() { DEXPR( int , bound_N , 200000 , 100 ); // 0が5個 CIN_ASSERT( N , 3 , bound_N ); CEXPR( int , bound_K , 200000 ); // 0が5個 CIN_ASSERT( K , 2 , bound_K ); CEXPR( ll , P , 998244353 ); // グラフ e.resize( N ); set edge[N]{}; FOR( j , 0 , N ){ CIN_ASSERT( uj , 1 , N ); CIN_ASSERT( vj , uj + 1 , N ); uj--; vj--; assert( edge[uj].count( vj ) == 0 ); edge[uj].insert( vj ); edge[vj].insert( uj ); e[uj].push_back( vj ); e[vj].push_back( uj ); } CHECK_REDUNDANT_INPUT; // 連結性の制約確認 int cc_num[bound_N]; int count = 0; BreadthFirstConnectedComponentSearch( N , cc_num , count ); assert( count == 1 ); int length = N; FOR( i , 0 , N ){ if( edge[i].size() == 1 ){ int r = i; while( edge[r].size() == 1 ){ length--; int j = *( edge[r].begin() ); edge[j].erase( r ); edge[r].erase( j ); r = j; } } } POWER_MOD( temp , K - 1 , N - length + 1 , P ); ( temp *= K ) %= P; ll answer = temp; FOREQ( i , 3 , length ){ ( temp *= K - 1 ) %= P; ( answer = temp - answer ) < 0 ? answer += P : answer; } RETURN( answer ); } REPEAT_MAIN(1);