#include #include #include #include using mint = atcoder::modint998244353; using polynomial = std::vector; using formal_power_series = std::vector; formal_power_series fps_inv(const formal_power_series& f, int n) { assert(f.size() and f[0] != 0); formal_power_series g{ f[0].inv() }; for (int k = 1; k < n; k *= 2) { std::vector f_fft(f.begin(), f.begin() + std::min(2 * k, f.size())); std::vector g_fft(g.begin(), g.end()); f_fft.resize(2 * k); g_fft.resize(2 * k); atcoder::internal::butterfly(f_fft); atcoder::internal::butterfly(g_fft); std::vector fg(2 * k); for (int i = 0; i < 2 * k; ++i) { fg[i] = f_fft[i] * g_fft[i]; } atcoder::internal::butterfly_inv(fg); fg.erase(fg.begin(), fg.begin() + k); fg.resize(2 * k); atcoder::internal::butterfly(fg); for (int i = 0; i < 2 * k; ++i) { fg[i] *= g_fft[i]; } atcoder::internal::butterfly_inv(fg); const mint iz = mint(2 * k).inv(), c = -iz * iz; g.resize(2 * k); for (int i = 0; i < k; ++i) { g[k + i] = fg[i] * c; } } g.resize(n); return g; } polynomial operator*(const polynomial& f, const polynomial& g) { const int siz_f = f.size(), siz_g = g.size(); if (siz_f < siz_g) return g * f; if (std::min(siz_f, siz_g) <= 60) return atcoder::convolution(f, g); const int deg = siz_f + siz_g - 2; int fpow2 = 1; while ((fpow2 << 1) <= deg) fpow2 <<= 1; if (const int dif = deg - fpow2 + 1; dif <= 10) { polynomial h = atcoder::convolution(polynomial(f.begin(), f.end() - dif), g); h.resize(h.size() + dif); for (int i = siz_f - dif; i < siz_f; ++i) for (int j = 0; j < siz_g; ++j) { h[i + j] += f[i] * g[j]; } return h; } return atcoder::convolution(f, g); } polynomial middle_product(const polynomial& a, const polynomial& b) { const int siz_a = a.size(), siz_b = b.size(); assert(siz_a >= siz_b and siz_b); polynomial res = a * polynomial(b.rbegin(), b.rend()); res.resize(siz_a); res.erase(res.begin(), res.begin() + siz_b - 1); return res; } std::vector product_of_differences(const std::vector& xs) { // f(x):=Π_i(x-x[i]) // => f'(x)=Σ_i Π[j!=i](x-x[j]) // => f'(x[i])=Π[j!=i](x[i]-x[j]) auto middle_product_pow2 = [](const polynomial& a, const polynomial& b) { const int siz_a = a.size(), siz_b = b.size(); assert(siz_a >= siz_b and siz_b); if (std::min(siz_b, siz_a - siz_b + 1) <= 60) { polynomial res(siz_a - siz_b + 1); for (int i = 0; i <= siz_a - siz_b; ++i) { for (int j = 0; j < siz_b; ++j) { res[i] += b[j] * a[i + j]; } } return res; } polynomial a2 = a, b2(b.rbegin(), b.rend()); a2[0] += a2[siz_a - 1]; a2.pop_back(); b2.resize(siz_a - 1); atcoder::internal::butterfly(a2); atcoder::internal::butterfly(b2); mint iz = mint(siz_a - 1).inv(); for (int i = 0; i < siz_a - 1; ++i) { a2[i] *= b2[i] * iz; } atcoder::internal::butterfly_inv(a2); a2.push_back(a2.front() - a.front() * b.back()); a2.erase(a2.begin(), a2.begin() + siz_b - 1); a2.front() -= a.back() * b.front(); return a2; }; const int n = xs.size(); int k = 1; while (k < n) k *= 2; std::vector> t(2 * k); for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) { t[k + i] = { 1, -xs[i] }; } for (int i = n; i < k; ++i) { t[k + i] = { 1, 0 }; } for (int i = k - 1; i; --i) { t[i] = t[2 * i] * t[2 * i + 1]; } polynomial f = t[1]; f.resize(n + 1); std::reverse(f.begin(), f.end()); for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) { f[i] = f[i + 1] * (i + 1); } f.resize(n); f.resize(2 * n - 1); t[1] = middle_product(f, fps_inv(t[1], n)); t[1].resize(k); for (int i = 1; i < k; ++i) { std::vector tr = middle_product_pow2(t[i], t[2 * i + 0]); std::vector tl = middle_product_pow2(t[i], t[2 * i + 1]); t[2 * i + 0] = std::move(tl); t[2 * i + 1] = std::move(tr); } std::vector ys(n); for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) { ys[i] = t[k + i].empty() ? 0 : t[k + i].front(); } return ys; } int main() { std::ios::sync_with_stdio(false); std::cin.tie(nullptr); int n; std::cin >> n; --n; std::vector d(n); { int p; std::cin >> p; for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) { int v; std::cin >> v; d[i] = v - p + 1; p = v; } } std::vector sd(n + 1); for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) { sd[i + 1] = sd[i] + d[i]; } mint ans = mint(-1).pow(1LL * (n + 1) * n / 2); for (mint e : product_of_differences(sd)) { ans *= e; } mint fac = 1, facfac = 1; for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) { fac *= i; facfac *= fac; } std::cout << (ans / facfac.pow(2)).val() << std::endl; }