// https://yukicoder.me/submissions/934698
// フリーズの原因を調べ中。
#ifdef INCLUDE_MAIN


inline void Solve()
{
  // // 数
  // // DEXPR( ll , bound_N , 100000 , 100 ); // 0が5個
  // // // DEXPR( ll , bound_N , 1000000000 , 100 ); // 0が9個
  // // // DEXPR( ll , bound_N , 1000000000000000000 , 100 ); // 0が18個
  // // CEXPR( TYPE_OF( bound_N ) , bound_M , bound_N );
  // // // DEXPR( ll , bound_M , 100000 , 100 ); // 0が5個
  // // // DEXPR( ll , bound_M , 1000000000 , 100 ); // 0が9個
  // // // DEXPR( ll , bound_M , 1000000000000000000 , 100 ); // 0が18個
  CIN( ll , N , M );
  // // CIN( ll , M );
  // // CIN( ll , N , M , K );
  // // CIN_ASSERT( N , 1 , bound_N ); // ランダムテスト用。上限のデフォルト値は10^5。
  // // CIN_ASSERT( M , 1 , bound_M ); // ランダムテスト用。上限のデフォルト値は10^5。
  // ll answer = 0;
  // // MP answer = 0;
  // // auto answer = Answer( N , M , K );
  // // COUT( answer );
  // RETURN( answer );

  // // 文字列
  // CIN( string , S );
  // // CIN( string , T );
  // ll answer = 0;
  // // MP answer = 0;
  // // auto answer = Answer( N , M , K );
  // // COUT( answer );
  // RETURN( answer );

  // 配列
  // CIN_A( ll , A , N );
  // CIN_A( ll , B , N );
  // ll A[bound_N]; // 関数（コンストラクタ）の引数に使う。長さのデフォルト値は10^5。
  // ll B[bound_N]; // 関数（コンストラクタ）の引数に使う。長さのデフォルト値は10^5。
  
  // MP answer = 0;
  // auto answer = Answer( N , M , K );
  // COUT( answer );
  // COUT_A( A , N );
  // RETURN( answer );

  // // 順列
  // vector<int> A( N );
  // vector<int> A_inv( N );
  // FOR( i , 0 , N ){
  //   cin >> A[i];
  //   A_inv[--A[i]] = i;
  // }
  // ll answer = 0;
  // // MP answer = 0;
  // // auto answer = Answer( N , M , K );
  // // COUT( answer );
  // // COUT_A( A , N );
  // RETURN( answer );
  UnionFindForest<int> uff( N );
  FOR( i , 0 , N ){
    CIN_ASSERT( Ci , 1 , N );
    uff.push_RightMost( --Ci );
  }
  // グラフ
  e<int>.resize( N );
  // e<path>.resize( N );
  FOR( j , 0 , M ){
    CIN_ASSERT( uj , 1 , N );
    CIN_ASSERT( vj , 1 , N );
    uj--;
    vj--;
    if( uff[uj] == uff[vj] ){
      uff.Graft( uj , vj );
    }
    // e<int>[uj].push_back( vj );
    // e<int>[vj].push_back( uj );
    // CIN( ll , wj );
    // e<path>[uj].push_back( { vj , wj } );
    // e<path>[vj].push_back( { uj , wj } );
  }
  ll answer = 0;
  cerr << __LINE__ << endl;
  int C[N];
  cerr << __LINE__ << endl;
  FOR( i , 0 , N ){
    C[i] = 0;
  }
  cerr << __LINE__ << endl;
  const uint& size = uff.GetSZOfRoot();
  cerr << __LINE__ << endl;
  FOR( i , 0 , size ){
  	const int& Ci = uff[uff.GetRoot( i )];
  	ASSERT( Ci , 0 , N - 1 );
    C[Ci]++;
  }
  cerr << __LINE__ << endl;
  FOR( i , 0 , N ){
    answer += max( C[i] - 1 , 0 );
  }
  cerr << __LINE__ << endl;
  // MP answer = 0;
  // auto answer = Answer( N , M , K );
  // COUT( answer );
  // COUT_A( A , N );
  RETURN( answer );

  // // 座標圧縮や単一クエリタイプなどのための入力格納
  // vector<T3<ll> > data( M );
  // FOR( j , 0 , M ){
  //   CIN( ll , x , y , z );
  //   data[j] = { x , y , z };
  // }
  // ll answer = 0;
  // // MP answer = 0;
  // // auto answer = Answer( N , M , K );
  // // COUT( answer );
  // // COUT_A( A , N );
  // RETURN( answer );
  
  // // 一般のクエリ
  // CIN( int , Q );
  // // DEXPR( int , bound_Q , 100000 , 100 ); // 基本不要。
  // // CIN_ASSERT( Q , 1 , bound_Q ); // 基本不要。
  // // vector<T3<int> > query( Q );
  // // vector<T2<int> > query( Q );
  // FOR( q , 0 , Q ){
  //   CIN( int , type );
  //   if( type == 1 ){
  //     CIN( int , x , y );
  //     // query[q] = { type , x , y };
  //   } else if( type == 2 ){
  //     CIN( int , x , y );
  //     // query[q] = { type , x , y };
  //   } else {
  //     CIN( int , x , y );
  //     // query[q] = { type , x , y };
  //   }
  //   // CIN( int , x , y );
  //   // // query[q] = { x , y };
  // }
  // // sort( query , query + Q );
  // // FOR( q , 0 , Q ){
  // //   auto& [x,y] = query[q];
  // //   // auto& [type,x,y] = query[q];
  // // }
  // auto answer = Answer( N , M , K );
  // // COUT( answer );
  // // COUT_A( A , N );
  // RETURN( answer );
  
  // // グリッド
  // // DEXPR( int , bound_H , 2000 , 30 );
  // // // DEXPR( int , bound_H , 100000 , 10 ); // 0が5個
  // // // CEXPR( int , bound_H , 1000000000 ); // 0が9個
  // // // CEXPR( int , bound_W , bound_H );
  // // static_assert( ll( bound_H ) * bound_W < ll( 1 ) << 31 );
  // // CEXPR( int , bound_HW , bound_H * bound_W );
  // // // CEXPR( int , bound_HW , 100000 ); // 0が5個
  // // // CEXPR( int , bound_HW , 1000000 ); // 0が6個
  // cin >> H >> W;
  // // SET_ASSERT( H , 1 , bound_H ); // ランダムテスト用。上限のデフォルト値は2*10^3。
  // // SET_ASSERT( W , 1 , bound_W ); // ランダムテスト用。上限のデフォルト値は2*10^3。
  // H_minus = H - 1;
  // W_minus = W - 1;
  // HW = H * W;
  // // assert( HW <= bound_HW ); // 基本不要。上限のデフォルト値は4*10^6。
  // vector<string> S( H );
  // FOR( i , 0 , H ){
  //   cin >> S[i];
  //   // SetEdgeOnGrid( S[i] , i , e<int> );
  //   // SetWallOnGrid( S[i] , i , non_wall );
  // }
  // // {h,w}へデコード: EnumHW( v )
  // // {h,w}をコード: EnumHW_inv( h , w );
  // // (i,j)->(k,h)の方向番号を取得: DirectionNumberOnGrid( i , j , k , h );
  // // v->wの方向番号を取得: DirectionNumberOnGrid( v , w );
  // // 方向番号の反転U<->D、R<->L: ReverseDirectionNumberOnGrid( n );
  // ll answer = 0;
  // // MP answer = 0;
  // // auto answer = Answer( N , M , K );
  // // COUT( answer );
  // // COUT_A( A , N );
  // RETURN( answer );
}
REPEAT_MAIN(1);

#else // INCLUDE_MAIN

#ifdef INCLUDE_SUB

template <typename PATH> list<PATH> E( const int& i )
{
  // list<PATH> answer{};
  list<PATH> answer = e<PATH>[i];
  // VVV 入力によらない処理は以下に挿入する。

  // AAA 入力によらない処理は以上に挿入する。
  return answer;
}

template <typename T> inline T F( const T& t ){ return f<T>[t]; }
template <typename T> inline T G( const int& i ){ return g<T>[i]; }

ll Naive( int N , int M , int K )
{
  ll answer = N + M + K;
  return answer;
}

ll Answer( ll N , ll M , ll K )
{
  // START_WATCH;
  ll answer = N + M + K;

  // // TLに準じる乱択や全探索。デフォルトの猶予は100.0[ms]。
  // CEXPR( double , TL , 2000.0 );
  // while( CHECK_WATCH( TL ) ){

  // }
  return answer;
}

inline void Experiment()
{
  // CEXPR( int , bound , 10 );
  // FOREQ( N , 0 , bound ){
  //   FOREQ( M , 0 , bound ){
  //     FOREQ( K , 0 , bound ){
  //   	COUT( N , M , K , ":" , Naive( N , M , K ) );
  //     }
  //   }
  //   // cout << Naive( N ) << ",\n"[N==bound];
  // }
}

inline void SmallTest()
{
  // CEXPR( int , bound , 10 );
  // FOREQ( N , 0 , bound ){
  //   FOREQ( M , 0 , bound ){
  //     FOREQ( K , 0 , bound ){
  //   	COMPARE( N , M , K );
  //     }
  //   }
  //   // COMPARE( N );
  // }
}

#define INCLUDE_MAIN
#include __FILE__

#else // INCLUDE_SUB

#ifdef INCLUDE_LIBRARY

/*

C-x 3 C-x o C-x C-fによるファイル操作用

BFS:
c:/Users/user/Documents/Programming/Mathematics/Geometry/Graph/BreadthFirstSearch/compress.txt

CoordinateCompress:
c:/Users/user/Documents/Programming/Mathematics/SetTheory/DirectProduct/CoordinateCompress/compress.txt

DFSOnTree
c:/Users/user/Documents/Programming/Mathematics/Geometry/Graph/DepthFirstSearch/Tree/a.hpp

Divisor:
c:/Users/user/Documents/Programming/Mathematics/Arithmetic/Prime/Divisor/compress.txt

Polynomial
c:/Users/user/Documents/Programming/Mathematics/Polynomial/compress.txt

UnionFind
c:/Users/user/Documents/Programming/Utility/VLTree/UnionFindForest/compress.txt

*/

// VVV 常設でないライブラリは以下に挿入する。


// １つ目のコンストラクタは領域を確保するだけなのでpush_RightMostで要素を追加する必要があることに注意。
TE <TY T>CL EntryOfVLTree{PU:T m_t;EntryOfVLTree<T>* m_left_branch;EntryOfVLTree<T>* m_right_branch;EntryOfVLTree<T>* m_leftmost_node;EntryOfVLTree<T>* m_rightmost_node;IN EntryOfVLTree();TE <TY Arg> IN EntryOfVLTree(CO Arg&);TE <TY Arg> IN EntryOfVLTree(CO Arg&,EntryOfVLTree<T>* CO&,EntryOfVLTree<T>* CO&);IN EntryOfVLTree(CO EntryOfVLTree<T>&);EntryOfVLTree<T>& OP=(CO EntryOfVLTree<T>&);};
TE <TY T> IN EntryOfVLTree<T>::EntryOfVLTree(): m_t(),m_left_branch(TH),m_right_branch(TH),m_leftmost_node(TH),m_rightmost_node(TH){}TE <TY T> TE <TY Arg> IN EntryOfVLTree<T>::EntryOfVLTree(CO Arg& t): EntryOfVLTree(t,TH,TH){}TE <TY T> TE <TY Arg> IN EntryOfVLTree<T>::EntryOfVLTree(CO Arg& t,EntryOfVLTree<T>* CO& left_branch,EntryOfVLTree<T>* CO& right_branch): m_t(t),m_left_branch(left_branch),m_right_branch(right_branch),m_leftmost_node(TH),m_rightmost_node(TH){}TE <TY T> IN EntryOfVLTree<T>::EntryOfVLTree(CO EntryOfVLTree<T>& e): m_t(e.m_t),m_left_branch(e.m_left_branch == &e?TH:e.m_left_branch),m_right_branch(e.m_right_branch == &e?TH:e.m_right_branch),m_leftmost_node(TH),m_rightmost_node(TH){if(e.m_leftmost_node != &e){m_leftmost_node = e.m_leftmost_node;m_rightmost_node = e.m_rightmost_node;}}TE <TY T> EntryOfVLTree<T>& EntryOfVLTree<T>::OP=(CO EntryOfVLTree<T>& e){m_t = e.m_t;m_left_branch =(e.m_left_branch == &e?TH:e.m_left_branch);m_right_branch =(e.m_right_branch == &e?TH:e.m_right_branch);if(e.m_leftmost_node == &e){m_leftmost_node = m_rightmost_node = TH;}else{m_leftmost_node = e.m_leftmost_node;m_rightmost_node = e.m_rightmost_node;}RE *TH;}
TE <TY T>CL IteratorOfVLTree{PU:EntryOfVLTree<T>* m_p;IN IteratorOfVLTree()NE;IN IteratorOfVLTree(EntryOfVLTree<T>* CO&)NE;IN IteratorOfVLTree(CO IteratorOfVLTree<T>&)NE;IN T& OP*()CO;IN T* OP->()CO;IN IteratorOfVLTree<T>& OP=(CO IteratorOfVLTree<T>&)NE;IteratorOfVLTree<T>& OP++(int)NE;IteratorOfVLTree<T>& OP--(int)NE;IteratorOfVLTree<T>& OP[](CO int&);IteratorOfVLTree<T>& Shift()NE;TE <TY... Args> IteratorOfVLTree<T>& Shift(CO int&,CO Args&...);IN bool IsLeaf()CO NE;IN bool IsLeftMost()CO NE;IN bool IsRightMost()CO NE;IN bool IsValid()CO NE;};
TE <TY T>CL COIteratorOfVLTree{PU:CO EntryOfVLTree<T>* m_p;IN COIteratorOfVLTree()NE;IN COIteratorOfVLTree(CO EntryOfVLTree<T>* CO&)NE;IN COIteratorOfVLTree(CO COIteratorOfVLTree<T>&)NE;IN COIteratorOfVLTree(CO IteratorOfVLTree<T>&)NE;IN CO T& OP*()CO;IN CO T* OP->()CO;IN COIteratorOfVLTree<T>& OP=(CO COIteratorOfVLTree<T>&)NE;IN COIteratorOfVLTree<T>& OP=(CO IteratorOfVLTree<T>&)NE;COIteratorOfVLTree<T>& OP++(int)NE;COIteratorOfVLTree<T>& OP--(int)NE;COIteratorOfVLTree<T>& OP[](CO int&);COIteratorOfVLTree<T>& Shift()NE;TE <TY... Args> COIteratorOfVLTree<T>& Shift(CO int&,CO Args&...);IN bool IsLeaf()CO NE;IN bool IsLeftMost()CO NE;IN bool IsRightMost()CO NE;IN bool IsValid()CO NE;ST IN bool Equal(CO IteratorOfVLTree<T>&,CO IteratorOfVLTree<T>&)NE;ST IN bool Equal(CO COIteratorOfVLTree<T>&,CO IteratorOfVLTree<T>&)NE;ST IN bool Equal(CO IteratorOfVLTree<T>&,CO COIteratorOfVLTree<T>&)NE;ST IN bool Equal(CO COIteratorOfVLTree<T>&,CO COIteratorOfVLTree<T>&)NE;};
TE <TY T> IN IteratorOfVLTree<T>::IteratorOfVLTree()NE:m_p(nullptr){}TE <TY T> IN IteratorOfVLTree<T>::IteratorOfVLTree(EntryOfVLTree<T>* CO& p)NE:m_p(p){}TE <TY T> IN IteratorOfVLTree<T>::IteratorOfVLTree(CO IteratorOfVLTree<T>& itr)NE:m_p(itr.m_p){}TE <TY T> IN T& IteratorOfVLTree<T>::OP*()CO{RE m_p->m_t;}TE <TY T> IN T* IteratorOfVLTree<T>::OP->()CO{RE &(*(*TH));}TE <TY T> IN IteratorOfVLTree<T>& IteratorOfVLTree<T>::OP=(CO IteratorOfVLTree<T>& itr)NE{m_p = itr.m_p;RE *TH;}TE <TY T>IteratorOfVLTree<T>& IteratorOfVLTree<T>::OP++(int)NE{if(m_p == nullptr){RE *TH;}if(m_p == m_p->m_right_branch){m_p = nullptr;}else{m_p = m_p->m_right_branch;}RE *TH;}TE <TY T>IteratorOfVLTree<T>& IteratorOfVLTree<T>::OP--(int)NE{if(m_p == nullptr){RE *TH;}if(m_p == m_p->m_left_branch){m_p = nullptr;}else{m_p = m_p->m_left_branch;}RE *TH;}TE <TY T>IteratorOfVLTree<T>& IteratorOfVLTree<T>::OP[](CO int& n){if(n > 0){m_p = m_p->m_leftmost_node;for(int i = 1;i < n;i++){m_p = m_p->m_right_branch;}}else{if(n < 0){m_p = m_p->m_rightmost_node;for(int i = -1;n < i;i--){m_p = m_p->m_left_branch;}}}RE *TH;}TE <TY T> IteratorOfVLTree<T>& IteratorOfVLTree<T>::Shift()NE{RE *TH;}TE <TY T> TE <TY... Args> IteratorOfVLTree<T>& IteratorOfVLTree<T>::Shift(CO int& n,CO Args&... args){OP[](n);RE Shift(args...);}TE <TY T> IN bool IteratorOfVLTree<T>::IsLeaf()CO NE{RE(m_p == nullptr)? false :(m_p == m_p->m_leftmost_node);}TE <TY T> IN bool IteratorOfVLTree<T>::IsLeftMost()CO NE{RE(m_p == nullptr)? false :(m_p == m_p->m_left_branch);}TE <TY T> IN bool IteratorOfVLTree<T>::IsRightMost()CO NE{RE(m_p == nullptr)? false :(m_p == m_p->m_right_branch);}TE <TY T> IN bool IteratorOfVLTree<T>::IsValid()CO NE{RE m_p != nullptr;}TE <TY T> IN COIteratorOfVLTree<T>::COIteratorOfVLTree()NE:m_p(nullptr){}TE <TY T> IN COIteratorOfVLTree<T>::COIteratorOfVLTree(CO EntryOfVLTree<T>* CO& p)NE:m_p(p){}TE <TY T> IN COIteratorOfVLTree<T>::COIteratorOfVLTree(CO COIteratorOfVLTree<T>& itr)NE:m_p(itr.m_p){}TE <TY T> IN COIteratorOfVLTree<T>::COIteratorOfVLTree(CO IteratorOfVLTree<T>& itr)NE:m_p(itr.m_p){}TE <TY T> IN CO T& COIteratorOfVLTree<T>::OP*()CO{RE m_p->m_t;};TE <TY T> IN CO T* COIteratorOfVLTree<T>::OP->()CO{RE &(*(*TH));}TE <TY T> IN COIteratorOfVLTree<T>& COIteratorOfVLTree<T>::OP=(CO COIteratorOfVLTree<T>& itr)NE{m_p = itr.m_p;RE *TH;}TE <TY T> IN COIteratorOfVLTree<T>& COIteratorOfVLTree<T>::OP=(CO IteratorOfVLTree<T>& itr)NE{m_p = itr.m_p;RE *TH;}TE <TY T>COIteratorOfVLTree<T>& COIteratorOfVLTree<T>::OP++(int)NE{if(m_p == nullptr){RE *TH;}if(m_p == m_p->m_right_branch){m_p = nullptr;}else{m_p = m_p->m_right_branch;}RE *TH;}TE <TY T>COIteratorOfVLTree<T>& COIteratorOfVLTree<T>::OP--(int)NE{if(m_p == nullptr){RE *TH;}if(m_p == m_p->m_left_branch){m_p = nullptr;}else{m_p = m_p->m_left_branch;}RE *TH;}TE <TY T>COIteratorOfVLTree<T>& COIteratorOfVLTree<T>::OP[](CO int& n){if(n > 0){m_p = m_p->m_leftmost_node;for(int i = 1;i < n;i++){m_p = m_p->m_right_branch;}}if(n < 0){m_p = m_p->m_rightmost_node;for(int i = -1;n < i;i--){m_p = m_p->m_left_branch;}}RE *TH;}TE <TY T> COIteratorOfVLTree<T>& COIteratorOfVLTree<T>::Shift()NE{RE *TH;}TE <TY T> TE <TY... Args> COIteratorOfVLTree<T>& COIteratorOfVLTree<T>::Shift(CO int& n,CO Args&... args){OP[](n);RE Shift(args...);}TE <TY T> IN bool COIteratorOfVLTree<T>::IsLeaf()CO NE{RE(m_p == nullptr)? false :(m_p == m_p->m_leftmost_mode);}TE <TY T> IN bool COIteratorOfVLTree<T>::IsLeftMost()CO NE{RE(m_p == nullptr)? false :(m_p == m_p->m_left_branch);}TE <TY T> IN bool COIteratorOfVLTree<T>::IsRightMost()CO NE{RE(m_p == nullptr)? false :(m_p == m_p->m_right_branch);}TE <TY T> IN bool COIteratorOfVLTree<T>::IsValid()CO NE{RE m_p != nullptr;}TE <TY T> IN bool COIteratorOfVLTree<T>::Equal(CO IteratorOfVLTree<T>& itr0,CO IteratorOfVLTree<T>& itr1)NE{RE itr0.m_p == itr1.m_p;}TE <TY T> IN bool COIteratorOfVLTree<T>::Equal(CO COIteratorOfVLTree<T>& itr0,CO IteratorOfVLTree<T>& itr1)NE{RE itr0.m_p == itr1.m_p;}TE <TY T> IN bool COIteratorOfVLTree<T>::Equal(CO IteratorOfVLTree<T>& itr0,CO COIteratorOfVLTree<T>& itr1)NE{RE itr0.m_p == itr1.m_p;}TE <TY T> IN bool COIteratorOfVLTree<T>::Equal(CO COIteratorOfVLTree<T>& itr0,CO COIteratorOfVLTree<T>& itr1)NE{RE itr0.m_p == itr1.m_p;}TE <TY T> IN bool OP==(CO IteratorOfVLTree<T>& itr0,CO IteratorOfVLTree<T>& itr1)NE{RE COIteratorOfVLTree<T>::Equal(itr0,itr1);}TE <TY T> IN bool OP!=(CO IteratorOfVLTree<T>& itr0,CO IteratorOfVLTree<T>& itr1)NE{RE !(itr0 == itr1);}TE <TY T> IN bool OP==(CO COIteratorOfVLTree<T>& itr0,CO IteratorOfVLTree<T>& itr1)NE{RE COIteratorOfVLTree<T>::Equal(itr0,itr1);}TE <TY T> IN bool OP!=(CO COIteratorOfVLTree<T>& itr0,CO IteratorOfVLTree<T>& itr1)NE{RE !(itr0 == itr1);}TE <TY T> IN bool OP==(CO IteratorOfVLTree<T>& itr0,CO COIteratorOfVLTree<T>& itr1)NE{RE COIteratorOfVLTree<T>::Equal(itr0,itr1);}TE <TY T> IN bool OP!=(CO IteratorOfVLTree<T>& itr0,CO COIteratorOfVLTree<T>& itr1)NE{RE !(itr0 == itr1);}TE <TY T> IN bool OP==(CO COIteratorOfVLTree<T>& itr0,CO COIteratorOfVLTree<T>& itr1)NE{RE COIteratorOfVLTree<T>::Equal(itr0,itr1);}TE <TY T> IN bool OP!=(CO COIteratorOfVLTree<T>& itr0,CO COIteratorOfVLTree<T>& itr1)NE{RE !(itr0 == itr1);}
TE <TY Arg>CL WrappedType{PU:Arg m_t;TE <TY... ARGS> IN WrappedType(CO ARGS&... args);IN VO Set(CO Arg& t);IN CO Arg& Get()CO NE;};
TE <TY... Types>CL WrappedTypes{};
TE <TY Arg> TE <TY... ARGS> IN WrappedType<Arg>::WrappedType(CO ARGS&... args): m_t(args...){}TE <TY Arg> IN VO WrappedType<Arg>::Set(CO Arg& t){m_t = t;}TE <TY Arg> IN CO Arg& WrappedType<Arg>::Get()CO NE{RE m_t;}
TE <TY T> CL VLTree;
TE <TY T>CL VLSubTree{PU:EntryOfVLTree<T> m_e;EntryOfVLTree<T>* m_p_root;uint m_SZ;IN VLSubTree();TE <TY Arg1,TY... Arg2> IN VLSubTree(CO Arg1&,CO Arg2&...);TE <TY Arg> IN VLSubTree(CO WrappedType<Arg>& t);IN VLSubTree(CO VLSubTree<T>&);IN VLSubTree(EntryOfVLTree<T>&);IN VLSubTree(CO IteratorOfVLTree<T>&);IN VLSubTree(CO int&,CO EntryOfVLTree<T>&);IN VLSubTree(CO int&,CO COIteratorOfVLTree<T>&);VO LeafToTree(CO VLSubTree<T>&);VO Graft(VLSubTree<T>&);virtual ~VLSubTree()= default;VLSubTree<T>& OP=(CO VLSubTree<T>&);IN CRUI SZ()CO NE;IN VO CutBranches();IN bool IsLeaf()CO NE;IN VLSubTree<T> LeftMostSubTree();IN VLSubTree<T> RightMostSubTree();IN VLTree<T> LeftMostSubTreeCopy()CO;IN VLTree<T> RightMostSubTreeCopy()CO;IN VO push_RightMost()CO NE;TE <TY Arg1,TY... Arg2> VO push_RightMost(CO Arg1&,CO Arg2&...);TE <TY... Args> VO push_RightMost(CO VLTree<T>&,CO Args&...);TE <TY Arg> VO push_LeftMost(CO Arg&);VO pop_RightMost();VO pop_LeftMost();VO pop_Root();US iterator = IteratorOfVLTree<T>;US CO_iterator = COIteratorOfVLTree<T>;IN iterator LeftMostNode()NE;IN CO_iterator LeftMostNode()CO NE;IN iterator RightMostNode()NE;IN CO_iterator RightMostNode()CO NE;iterator LeftMostLeaf()NE;CO_iterator LeftMostLeaf()CO NE;iterator RightMostLeaf()NE;CO_iterator RightMostLeaf()CO NE;IN iterator Root()NE;IN CO_iterator Root()CO NE;TE <TY... Args> IN iterator GetIterator(CO Args&...);TE <TY... Args> IN CO_iterator GetIterator(CO Args&...)CO;TE <TY Arg> VO insert(CO iterator&,CO Arg&);iterator erase(iterator&);IN CO T& GetRoot()CO NE;IN T& RefRoot()NE;IN VO SetRoot(CO T&);TE <TY... Args> IN CO T& GetNode(CO Args&...)CO;VLSubTree<T> OP[](CRUI);VLSubTree<T> OP[](iterator&);VLTree<T> OP[](CO CO_iterator&)CO;VLTree<T> GetBranchCopy(CRUI)CO;VLTree<T> GetBranchCopy(CO iterator&)CO;VLTree<T> GetBranchCopy(CO CO_iterator&)CO;VO Concatenate(CO VLTree<T>&);VO Concatenate(CO iterator&,CO VLTree<T>&);bool CheckContain(CO iterator&)CO NE;bool CheckContain(CO CO_iterator&)CO NE;string Display()CO;};
TE <TY T> IN VLSubTree<T>::VLSubTree(): m_e(),m_p_root(&m_e),m_SZ(0){}TE <TY T> TE <TY Arg1,TY... Arg2> IN VLSubTree<T>::VLSubTree(CO Arg1& t0,CO Arg2&... t1): VLSubTree<T>(){push_RightMost(t0,t1...);}TE <TY T> TE <TY Arg> IN VLSubTree<T>::VLSubTree(CO WrappedType<Arg>& t): m_e(t.Get()),m_p_root(&m_e),m_SZ(0){}TE <TY T> IN VLSubTree<T>::VLSubTree(CO VLSubTree<T>& a): m_e(a.m_e.m_t),m_p_root(&m_e),m_SZ(0){LeafToTree(a);}TE <TY T>VLSubTree<T>::VLSubTree(EntryOfVLTree<T>& e):m_e(e),m_p_root(&e),m_SZ(0){EntryOfVLTree<T>* p = m_p_root->m_leftmost_node;if(p != m_p_root){m_SZ++;EntryOfVLTree<T>* CO p_rightmost = m_p_root->m_rightmost_node;WH(p != p_rightmost){p = p->m_right_branch;m_SZ++;}}}TE <TY T> IN VLSubTree<T>::VLSubTree(CO IteratorOfVLTree<T>& itr): VLSubTree(*(itr.m_p)){}TE <TY T>VLSubTree<T>::VLSubTree(CO int& dummy,CO EntryOfVLTree<T>& e):m_e(e.m_t),m_p_root(&m_e),m_SZ(0){CO EntryOfVLTree<T>* p = e.m_leftmost_node;CO EntryOfVLTree<T>* CO p_rightmost = e.m_rightmost_node;bool b =(p != &e);WH(b){push_RightMost(VLTree<T>(dummy,*p));b =(p != p_rightmost);p = p->m_right_branch;}}TE <TY T> IN VLSubTree<T>::VLSubTree(CO int& dummy,CO COIteratorOfVLTree<T>& itr): VLSubTree(dummy,*(itr.m_p)){}TE <TY T>VLSubTree<T>& VLSubTree<T>::OP=(CO VLSubTree<T>& a){if(TH != &a){CutBranches();LeafToTree(a);}RE *TH;}TE <TY T>VO VLSubTree<T>::LeafToTree(CO VLSubTree<T>& a){m_p_root->m_t = a.m_p_root->m_t;EntryOfVLTree<T>* p = a.m_p_root->m_leftmost_node;CRUI N = a.m_SZ;for(uint n = 0;n < N;n++){push_RightMost(VLTree<T>(0,*p));p = p->m_right_branch;}RE;}TE <TY T> IN CRUI VLSubTree<T>::SZ()CO NE{RE m_SZ;}TE <TY T> IN VO VLSubTree<T>::CutBranches(){WH(m_SZ > 0)pop_RightMost();}TE <TY T> IN bool VLSubTree<T>::IsLeaf()CO NE{RE m_SZ == 0;}TE <TY T> IN VLSubTree<T> VLSubTree<T>::LeftMostSubTree(){RE VLSubTree(*(m_p_root->m_leftmost_node));}TE <TY T> IN VLSubTree<T> VLSubTree<T>::RightMostSubTree(){RE VLSubTree(*(m_p_root->m_rightmost_node));}TE <TY T> IN VLTree<T> VLSubTree<T>::LeftMostSubTreeCopy()CO{RE VLTree<T>(0,*(m_p_root->m_leftmost_node));}TE <TY T> IN VLTree<T> VLSubTree<T>::RightMostSubTreeCopy()CO{RE VLTree<T>(0,*(m_p_root->m_rightmost_node));}TE <TY T> IN VO VLSubTree<T>::push_RightMost()CO NE{}TE <TY T> TE <TY Arg1,TY... Arg2>VO VLSubTree<T>::push_RightMost(CO Arg1& t0,CO Arg2&... t1){auto p = new EntryOfVLTree<T>(t0);EntryOfVLTree<T>*& p_rightmost = m_p_root->m_rightmost_node;if(p_rightmost == m_p_root){m_p_root->m_leftmost_node = p;}else{p->m_left_branch = p_rightmost;p_rightmost->m_right_branch = p;}p_rightmost = p;m_SZ++;push_RightMost(t1...);RE;}TE <TY T> TE <TY... Args>VO VLSubTree<T>::push_RightMost(CO VLTree<T>& t0,CO Args&... t1){push_RightMost(t0.m_p_root->m_t);Concatenate(t0);push_RightMost(t1...);RE;}TE <TY T> TE <TY Arg>VO VLSubTree<T>::push_LeftMost(CO Arg& t){auto p = new EntryOfVLTree<T>(t);EntryOfVLTree<T>*& p_leftmost = m_p_root->m_leftmost_node;if(p_leftmost == m_p_root){m_p_root->m_rightmost_node = p;}else{p->m_right_branch = p_leftmost;p_leftmost->m_left_branch = p;}p_leftmost = p;m_SZ++;RE;}TE <TY T>VO VLSubTree<T>::pop_RightMost(){assert(m_SZ > 0);EntryOfVLTree<T>* p_rightmost = m_p_root->m_rightmost_node;VLSubTree<T> t{*p_rightmost};t.CutBranches();if(m_SZ == 1){m_p_root->m_leftmost_node = m_p_root;m_p_root->m_rightmost_node = m_p_root;}else{EntryOfVLTree<T>* CO& p_rightmost_prev = p_rightmost->m_left_branch;m_p_root->m_rightmost_node = p_rightmost_prev;p_rightmost_prev->m_right_branch = p_rightmost_prev;}delete p_rightmost;m_SZ--;RE;}TE <TY T>VO VLSubTree<T>::pop_LeftMost(){assert(m_SZ > 0);EntryOfVLTree<T>* p_leftmost = m_p_root->m_leftmost_node;VLSubTree<T> t{*p_leftmost};t.CutBranches();if(m_SZ == 1){m_p_root->m_leftmost_node = m_p_root;m_p_root->m_rightmost_node = m_p_root;}else{EntryOfVLTree<T>* CO& p_leftmost_next = p_leftmost->m_right_branch;m_p_root->m_leftmost_node = p_leftmost_next;p_leftmost_next->m_left_branch = p_leftmost_next;}delete p_leftmost;m_SZ--;RE;}TE <TY T>VO VLSubTree<T>::pop_Root(){assert(m_SZ == 1);EntryOfVLTree<T>* p_unique_node = m_p_root->m_leftmost_node;m_p_root->m_t = p_unique_node->m_t;m_p_root->m_leftmost_node = p_unique_node->m_leftmost_node;m_p_root->m_rightmost_node = p_unique_node->m_rightmost_node;delete p_unique_node;EntryOfVLTree<T>* p_node = m_p_root->m_leftmost_node;m_SZ = 0;if(p_node != m_p_root){m_SZ++;WH(p_node != p_node->m_right_branch){p_node = p_node->m_right_branch;m_SZ++;}}RE;}TE <TY T> IN TY VLSubTree<T>::iterator VLSubTree<T>::LeftMostNode()NE{RE IteratorOfVLTree<T>(m_p_root->m_leftmost_node);}TE <TY T> IN TY VLSubTree<T>::CO_iterator VLSubTree<T>::LeftMostNode()CO NE{RE COIteratorOfVLTree<T>(m_p_root->m_leftmost_node);}TE <TY T> IN TY VLSubTree<T>::iterator VLSubTree<T>::RightMostNode()NE{RE IteratorOfVLTree<T>(m_p_root->m_rightmost_node);}TE <TY T> IN TY VLSubTree<T>::CO_iterator VLSubTree<T>::RightMostNode()CO NE{RE COIteratorOfVLTree<T>(m_p_root->m_rightmost_node);}TE <TY T>TY VLSubTree<T>::iterator VLSubTree<T>::LeftMostLeaf()NE{EntryOfVLTree<T>* p = m_p_root->m_leftmost_node;WH(p != p->m_leftmost_node){p = p->m_leftmost_node;}RE IteratorOfVLTree<T>(p);}TE <TY T>TY VLSubTree<T>::CO_iterator VLSubTree<T>::LeftMostLeaf()CO NE{CO EntryOfVLTree<T>* p = m_p_root->m_leftmost_node;WH(p != p->m_leftmost_node){p = p->m_leftmost_node;}RE COIteratorOfVLTree<T>(p);}TE <TY T>TY VLSubTree<T>::iterator VLSubTree<T>::RightMostLeaf()NE{EntryOfVLTree<T>* p = m_p_root->m_rightmost_node;WH(p != p->m_rightmost_node){p = p->m_rightmost_node;}RE IteratorOfVLTree<T>(p);}TE <TY T>TY VLSubTree<T>::CO_iterator VLSubTree<T>::RightMostLeaf()CO NE{CO EntryOfVLTree<T>* p = m_p_root->m_rightmost_node;WH(p != p->m_rightmost_node){p = p->m_rightmost_node;}RE COIteratorOfVLTree<T>(p);}TE <TY T> IN TY VLSubTree<T>::iterator VLSubTree<T>::Root()NE{RE IteratorOfVLTree<T>(m_p_root);}TE <TY T> IN TY VLSubTree<T>::CO_iterator VLSubTree<T>::Root()CO NE{RE COIteratorOfVLTree<T>(m_p_root);}TE <TY T> TE <TY... Args> IN TY VLSubTree<T>::iterator VLSubTree<T>::GetIterator(CO Args&... args){RE Root().Shift(args...);}TE <TY T> TE <TY... Args> IN TY VLSubTree<T>::CO_iterator VLSubTree<T>::GetIterator(CO Args&... args)CO{RE Root().Shift(args...);}TE <TY T> TE <TY Arg>VO VLSubTree<T>::insert(CO TY VLSubTree<T>::iterator& itr,CO Arg& t){assert(CheckContain(itr));EntryOfVLTree<T>* CO& p0 = itr.m_p;EntryOfVLTree<T>* CO& p1 = p0->m_right_branch;auto p = new EntryOfVLTree<T>(t,p0,p1);p1->m_left_branch = p;p0->m_right_branch = p;m_SZ++;RE;}TE <TY T>TY VLSubTree<T>::iterator VLSubTree<T>::erase(TY VLSubTree<T>::iterator& itr){assert(CheckContain(itr));EntryOfVLTree<T>* CO p = itr.m_p;EntryOfVLTree<T>* CO p0 = p->m_left_branch;EntryOfVLTree<T>* CO p1 = p->m_right_branch;if(! itr.IsLeaf()){VLSubTree<T> t_sub{*p};t_sub.CutBranches();}if(p0 != p){if(p != p1){itr++;p0->m_right_branch = p1;p1->m_left_branch = p0;}else{itr--;p0->m_right_branch = p0;m_p_root->m_rightmost_node = p0;}}else{if(p != p1){itr++;p1->m_left_branch = p1;m_p_root->m_leftmost_node = p1;}else{itr = Root();m_p_root->m_leftmost_node = m_p_root;m_p_root->m_rightmost_node = m_p_root;}}delete p;m_SZ--;RE itr;}TE <TY T> IN CO T& VLSubTree<T>::GetRoot()CO NE{RE m_p_root->m_t;}TE <TY T> IN T& VLSubTree<T>::RefRoot()NE{RE m_p_root->m_t;}TE <TY T> IN VO VLSubTree<T>::SetRoot(CO T& t){m_p_root->m_t = t;}TE <TY T> TE <TY... Args> IN CO T& VLSubTree<T>::GetNode(CO Args&... args)CO{RE *(GetIterator(args...));}TE <TY T>VLSubTree<T> VLSubTree<T>::OP[](CRUI i){assert(i < m_SZ);if(i <= m_SZ / 2){EntryOfVLTree<T>* p = m_p_root->m_leftmost_node;for(uint n = 0;n < i;n++){p = p->m_right_branch;}RE VLSubTree<T>(*p);}EntryOfVLTree<T>* p = m_p_root->m_rightmost_node;for(uint n = m_SZ - 1;n > i;n--){p = p->m_left_branch;}RE VLSubTree<T>(*p);}TE <TY T>VLSubTree<T> VLSubTree<T>::OP[](TY VLSubTree<T>::iterator& itr){assert(CheckContain(itr));RE VLSubTree<T>(*(itr.m_p));}TE <TY T>VLTree<T> VLSubTree<T>::OP[](CO TY VLSubTree<T>::CO_iterator& itr)CO{assert(CheckContain(itr));RE VLTree<T>(0,itr.m_p);}TE <TY T>VLTree<T> VLSubTree<T>::GetBranchCopy(CRUI i)CO{assert(i < m_SZ);if(i <= m_SZ / 2){CO EntryOfVLTree<T>* p = m_p_root->m_leftmost_node;for(uint n = 0;n < i;n++){p = p->m_right_branch;}RE VLTree<T>(0,*p);}CO EntryOfVLTree<T>* p = m_p_root->m_rightmost_node;for(uint n = m_SZ - 1;n > i;n--){p = p->m_left_branch;}RE VLTree<T>(0,*p);}TE <TY T>VLTree<T> VLSubTree<T>::GetBranchCopy(CO TY VLSubTree<T>::iterator& itr)CO{assert(CheckContain(itr));RE VLTree<T>(0,*(itr.m_p));}TE <TY T>VLTree<T> VLSubTree<T>::GetBranchCopy(CO TY VLSubTree<T>::CO_iterator& itr)CO{assert(CheckContain(itr));RE VLTree<T>(0,*(itr.m_p));}TE <TY T>VO VLSubTree<T>::Concatenate(CO VLTree<T>& t){EntryOfVLTree<T>* CO p_rightmost = m_p_root->m_rightmost_node;assert(p_rightmost->m_rightmost_node == p_rightmost);if(m_p_root == p_rightmost){LeafToTree(t);}else{VLSubTree<T>(*p_rightmost).LeafToTree(t);}RE;}TE <TY T>VO VLSubTree<T>::Concatenate(CO TY VLSubTree<T>::iterator& itr,CO VLTree<T>& t){assert(itr.IsLeaf());EntryOfVLTree<T>* CO p = itr.m_p;if(m_p_root == p){LeafToTree(t);}else{VLSubTree<T>(*p).LeafToTree(t);}RE;}TE <TY T>VO VLSubTree<T>::Graft(VLSubTree<T>& t){EntryOfVLTree<T>*& p_rightmost = m_p_root->m_rightmost_node;if(m_p_root == p_rightmost){p_rightmost = m_p_root->m_leftmost_node = t.m_p_root;}else{t.m_p_root->m_left_branch = p_rightmost;p_rightmost = p_rightmost->m_right_branch = t.m_p_root;}RE;}TE <TY T>bool VLSubTree<T>::CheckContain(CO iterator& itr)CO NE{auto p0 = itr.m_p;auto p1 = m_p_root->m_leftmost_node;for(uint i = 0;i < m_SZ;i++){if(p0 == p1){RE true;}p1 = p1->m_right_branch;}RE false;}TE <TY T>bool VLSubTree<T>::CheckContain(CO CO_iterator& itr)CO NE{auto p0 = itr.m_p;auto p1 = m_p_root->m_leftmost_node;for(uint i = 0;i < m_SZ;i++){if(p0 == p1){RE true;}p1 = p1->m_right_branch;}RE false;}TE <TY T>string VLSubTree<T>::Display()CO{string s = to_string(m_p_root->m_t);s += "(";CO EntryOfVLTree<T>* p = m_p_root->m_leftmost_node;for(uint i = 0;i < m_SZ;i++){if(i > 0){s += ",";}s += VLTree<T>(0,*p).Display();p = p->m_right_branch;}s += ")";RE s;}TE <TY T>bool OP==(CO VLTree<T>& t1,CO VLTree<T>& t2){if(t1.GetRoot()!= t2.GetRoot()){RE false;}if(t1.IsLeaf()){RE t2.IsLeaf();}if(t2.IsLeaf()){RE false;}auto itr1 = t1.LeftMostNode();auto itr2 = t2.LeftMostNode();WH(itr1.IsValid()&& itr2.IsValid()){if(t1.GetBranchCopy(*itr1)!= t2.GetBranchCopy(*itr2)){RE false;}itr1++;itr2++;}RE !(itr1.IsValid()|| itr2.IsValid());}TE <TY T> IN bool OP!=(CO VLTree<T>& t1,CO VLTree<T>& t2){RE !(t1 == t2);}
TE <TY T>CL EntryOfLinkedVE{PU:T m_t;uint m_prev_entry;uint m_next_entry;IN EntryOfLinkedVE();IN EntryOfLinkedVE(CRUI prev_entry,CRUI next_entry);IN EntryOfLinkedVE(EntryOfLinkedVE<T>&& e);};
TE <TY T> IN EntryOfLinkedVE<T>::EntryOfLinkedVE(): m_t(),m_prev_entry(0),m_next_entry(0){}TE <TY T> IN EntryOfLinkedVE<T>::EntryOfLinkedVE(CRUI prev_entry,CRUI next_entry): m_t(),m_prev_entry(prev_entry),m_next_entry(next_entry){}TE <TY T> IN EntryOfLinkedVE<T>::EntryOfLinkedVE(EntryOfLinkedVE<T>&& e): m_t(MO(e.m_t)),m_prev_entry(MO(e.m_prev_entry)),m_next_entry(MO(e.m_next_entry)){}
TE <TY T> CL LinkedVE;
TE <TY T>CL IteratorOfLinkedVE{PU:LinkedVE<T>* m_p;uint m_i;IN IteratorOfLinkedVE(LinkedVE<T>* CO& p,CRUI i)NE;IN IteratorOfLinkedVE(CO IteratorOfLinkedVE<T>& itr)NE;IN T& OP*()CO;IN T* OP->()CO;IteratorOfLinkedVE<T>& OP=(CO IteratorOfLinkedVE<T>& itr)NE;IN VO OP++(int);IN VO OP--(int);IN CO LinkedVE<T>& GetLinkedVE()CO NE;IN LinkedVE<T>& RefLinkedVE()NE;IN CRUI GetIndex()CO NE;IN CRUI RefIndex()NE;};
TE <TY T>CL COIteratorOfLinkedVE{PU:CO LinkedVE<T>* m_p;uint m_i;IN COIteratorOfLinkedVE(CO LinkedVE<T>* CO& p,CRUI i)NE;IN COIteratorOfLinkedVE(CO COIteratorOfLinkedVE<T>& itr)NE;IN COIteratorOfLinkedVE(CO IteratorOfLinkedVE<T>& itr)NE;IN CO T& OP*()CO;IN CO T* OP->()CO;COIteratorOfLinkedVE<T>& OP=(CO COIteratorOfLinkedVE<T>& itr)NE;COIteratorOfLinkedVE<T>& OP=(CO IteratorOfLinkedVE<T>& itr)NE;IN VO OP++(int);IN VO OP--(int);IN CO LinkedVE<T>& GetLinkedVE()CO NE;IN CRUI GetIndex()CO NE;IN CRUI RefIndex()NE;ST IN bool Equal(CO IteratorOfLinkedVE<T>&,CO IteratorOfLinkedVE<T>&)NE;ST IN bool Equal(CO COIteratorOfLinkedVE<T>&,CO IteratorOfLinkedVE<T>&)NE;ST IN bool Equal(CO IteratorOfLinkedVE<T>&,CO COIteratorOfLinkedVE<T>&)NE;ST IN bool Equal(CO COIteratorOfLinkedVE<T>&,CO COIteratorOfLinkedVE<T>&)NE;};
TE <TY T> IN IteratorOfLinkedVE<T>::IteratorOfLinkedVE(LinkedVE<T>* CO& p,CRUI i)NE:m_p(p),m_i(i){}TE <TY T> IN IteratorOfLinkedVE<T>::IteratorOfLinkedVE(CO IteratorOfLinkedVE<T>& itr)NE:m_p(itr.m_p),m_i(itr.m_i){}TE <TY T> IN T& IteratorOfLinkedVE<T>::OP*()CO{RE(*m_p)[m_i];}TE <TY T> IN T* IteratorOfLinkedVE<T>::OP->()CO{RE &((*m_p)[m_i]);}TE <TY T> IN IteratorOfLinkedVE<T>& IteratorOfLinkedVE<T>::OP=(CO IteratorOfLinkedVE<T>& itr)NE{m_p = itr.m_p;m_i = itr.m_i;RE *TH;}TE <TY T> IN VO IteratorOfLinkedVE<T>::OP++(int){m_i = m_p->m_entry[m_i].m_next_entry;}TE <TY T> IN VO IteratorOfLinkedVE<T>::OP--(int){m_i = m_p->m_entry[m_i].m_prev_entry;}TE <TY T> IN CO LinkedVE<T>& IteratorOfLinkedVE<T>::GetLinkedVE()CO NE{RE *m_p;}TE <TY T> IN LinkedVE<T>& IteratorOfLinkedVE<T>::RefLinkedVE()NE{RE *m_p;}TE <TY T> IN CRUI IteratorOfLinkedVE<T>::GetIndex()CO NE{RE m_i;}TE <TY T> IN CRUI IteratorOfLinkedVE<T>::RefIndex()NE{RE m_i;}TE <TY T> IN COIteratorOfLinkedVE<T>::COIteratorOfLinkedVE(CO LinkedVE<T>* CO& p,CRUI i)NE:m_p(p),m_i(i){}TE <TY T> IN COIteratorOfLinkedVE<T>::COIteratorOfLinkedVE(CO COIteratorOfLinkedVE<T>& itr)NE:m_p(itr.m_p),m_i(itr.m_i){}TE <TY T> IN COIteratorOfLinkedVE<T>::COIteratorOfLinkedVE(CO IteratorOfLinkedVE<T>& itr)NE:m_p(itr.m_p),m_i(itr.m_i){}TE <TY T> IN CO T& COIteratorOfLinkedVE<T>::OP*()CO{RE(*m_p)[m_i];}TE <TY T> IN CO T* COIteratorOfLinkedVE<T>::OP->()CO{RE &((*m_p)[m_i]);}TE <TY T>COIteratorOfLinkedVE<T>& COIteratorOfLinkedVE<T>::OP=(CO COIteratorOfLinkedVE<T>& itr)NE{m_p = itr.m_p;m_i = itr.m_i;RE *TH;}TE <TY T>COIteratorOfLinkedVE<T>& COIteratorOfLinkedVE<T>::OP=(CO IteratorOfLinkedVE<T>& itr)NE{m_p = itr.m_p;m_i = itr.m_i;RE *TH;}TE <TY T> IN VO COIteratorOfLinkedVE<T>::OP++(int){m_i = m_p->m_entry[m_i].m_next_entry;}TE <TY T> IN VO COIteratorOfLinkedVE<T>::OP--(int){m_i = m_p->m_entry[m_i].m_prev_entry;}TE <TY T> IN CO LinkedVE<T>& COIteratorOfLinkedVE<T>::GetLinkedVE()CO NE{RE *m_p;}TE <TY T> IN CRUI COIteratorOfLinkedVE<T>::GetIndex()CO NE{RE m_i;}TE <TY T> IN CRUI COIteratorOfLinkedVE<T>::RefIndex()NE{RE m_i;}TE <TY T> IN bool COIteratorOfLinkedVE<T>::Equal(CO IteratorOfLinkedVE<T>& itr0,CO IteratorOfLinkedVE<T>& itr1)NE{RE itr0.m_p == itr1.m_p && itr0.m_i == itr1.m_i;}TE <TY T> IN bool COIteratorOfLinkedVE<T>::Equal(CO COIteratorOfLinkedVE<T>& itr0,CO IteratorOfLinkedVE<T>& itr1)NE{RE itr0.m_p == itr1.m_p && itr0.m_i == itr1.m_i;}TE <TY T> IN bool COIteratorOfLinkedVE<T>::Equal(CO IteratorOfLinkedVE<T>& itr0,CO COIteratorOfLinkedVE<T>& itr1)NE{RE itr0.m_p == itr1.m_p && itr0.m_i == itr1.m_i;}TE <TY T> IN bool COIteratorOfLinkedVE<T>::Equal(CO COIteratorOfLinkedVE<T>& itr0,CO COIteratorOfLinkedVE<T>& itr1)NE{RE itr0.m_p == itr1.m_p && itr0.m_i == itr1.m_i;}TE <TY T> IN bool OP==(CO IteratorOfLinkedVE<T>& itr0,CO IteratorOfLinkedVE<T>& itr1)NE{RE COIteratorOfLinkedVE<T>::Equal(itr0,itr1);}TE <TY T> IN bool OP!=(CO IteratorOfLinkedVE<T>& itr0,CO IteratorOfLinkedVE<T>& itr1)NE{RE !(itr0 == itr1);}TE <TY T> IN bool OP==(CO COIteratorOfLinkedVE<T>& itr0,CO IteratorOfLinkedVE<T>& itr1)NE{RE COIteratorOfLinkedVE<T>::Equal(itr0,itr1);}TE <TY T> IN bool OP!=(CO COIteratorOfLinkedVE<T>& itr0,CO IteratorOfLinkedVE<T>& itr1)NE{RE !(itr0 == itr1);}TE <TY T> IN bool OP==(CO IteratorOfLinkedVE<T>& itr0,CO COIteratorOfLinkedVE<T>& itr1)NE{RE COIteratorOfLinkedVE<T>::Equal(itr0,itr1);}TE <TY T> IN bool OP!=(CO IteratorOfLinkedVE<T>& itr0,CO COIteratorOfLinkedVE<T>& itr1)NE{RE !(itr0 == itr1);}TE <TY T> IN bool OP==(CO COIteratorOfLinkedVE<T>& itr0,CO COIteratorOfLinkedVE<T>& itr1)NE{RE COIteratorOfLinkedVE<T>::Equal(itr0,itr1);}TE <TY T> IN bool OP!=(CO COIteratorOfLinkedVE<T>& itr0,CO COIteratorOfLinkedVE<T>& itr1)NE{RE !(itr0 == itr1);}
TE <TY T>CL LinkedVE{PU:VE<EntryOfLinkedVE<T> > m_entry;uint m_front_linked_entry;uint m_back_linked_entry;uint m_SZ_of_VE;uint m_SZ_of_link;IN LinkedVE();IN LinkedVE(CRUI max_SZ);IN CO T& OP[](CRUI i)CO;IN T& OP[](CRUI i);uint GetLinkedEntry(CRUI i)CO;IN CRUI GetFrontLinkedEntryIndex()CO NE;IN CRUI GetBackLinkedEntryIndex()CO NE;IN CRUI GetSZOfVE()CO NE;IN CRUI GetSZOfLink()CO NE;IN bool EmptyVE()CO NE;IN bool EmptyLink()CO NE;IN VO push_back();TE <TY U> VO push_back(CO U& u);TE <TY U,TY... ARGS> IN VO push_back(CO U& u,CO ARGS&... args);IN VO SetPreviousLink(CRUI i,CRUI j);IN VO SetNexttLink(CRUI i,CRUI j);IN CRUI GetPreviousLinkIndex(CRUI i)CO;IN CRUI GetNexttLinkIndex(CRUI i)CO;CRUI DeLink(CRUI i);VO ReLink(CRUI i);US iterator = IteratorOfLinkedVE<T>;US CO_iterator = COIteratorOfLinkedVE<T>;IN iterator GetIterator(CRUI i)NE;IN CO_iterator GetIterator(CRUI i)CO NE;IN iterator BE()NE;IN CO_iterator BE()CO NE;IN iterator EN()NE;IN CO_iterator EN()CO NE;iterator erase(iterator& itr);IN EntryOfLinkedVE<T>& push_back_Body_0();IN VO push_back_Body_1(EntryOfLinkedVE<T>& e);};
TE <TY T> IN LinkedVE<T>::LinkedVE(): m_entry(1),m_front_linked_entry(0),m_back_linked_entry(0),m_SZ_of_VE(0),m_SZ_of_link(0){}TE <TY T> IN LinkedVE<T>::LinkedVE(CRUI max_SZ): m_entry(),m_front_linked_entry(0),m_back_linked_entry(0),m_SZ_of_VE(0),m_SZ_of_link(0){m_entry.reserve(max_SZ + 1);m_entry.push_back(EntryOfLinkedVE<T>());}TE <TY T> IN CO T& LinkedVE<T>::OP[](CRUI i)CO{RE m_entry[i].m_t;}TE <TY T> IN T& LinkedVE<T>::OP[](CRUI i){RE m_entry[i].m_t;}TE <TY T>uint LinkedVE<T>::GetLinkedEntry(CRUI i)CO{uint linked_entry = m_front_linked_entry;for(uint j = 0;j < i;j++){linked_entry = m_entry[linked_entry].m_next_entry;}RE linked_entry;}TE <TY T> IN CRUI LinkedVE<T>::GetFrontLinkedEntryIndex()CO NE{RE m_front_linked_entry;}TE <TY T> IN CRUI LinkedVE<T>::GetBackLinkedEntryIndex()CO NE{RE m_back_linked_entry;}TE <TY T> IN CRUI LinkedVE<T>::GetSZOfVE()CO NE{RE m_SZ_of_VE;}TE <TY T> IN CRUI LinkedVE<T>::GetSZOfLink()CO NE{RE m_SZ_of_link;}TE <TY T> IN bool LinkedVE<T>::EmptyVE()CO NE{RE m_SZ_of_VE == 0;}TE <TY T> IN bool LinkedVE<T>::EmptyLink()CO NE{RE m_SZ_of_link == 0;}TE <TY T> IN VO LinkedVE<T>::push_back(){}TE <TY T> TE <TY U>VO LinkedVE<T>::push_back(CO U& u){EntryOfLinkedVE<T>& e = push_back_Body_0();e.m_t = u;push_back_Body_1(e);RE;}TE <TY T> TE <TY U,TY... ARGS> IN VO LinkedVE<T>::push_back(CO U& u,CO ARGS&... args){push_back(u);push_back(args...);}TE <TY T> IN EntryOfLinkedVE<T>& LinkedVE<T>::push_back_Body_0(){m_entry.push_back(EntryOfLinkedVE<T>(m_SZ_of_VE,m_front_linked_entry));RE m_entry[m_SZ_of_VE];}TE <TY T> IN VO LinkedVE<T>::push_back_Body_1(EntryOfLinkedVE<T>& e){e.m_next_entry = m_SZ_of_VE + 1;m_entry[m_front_linked_entry].m_prev_entry = m_SZ_of_VE + 1;m_back_linked_entry = m_SZ_of_VE;m_SZ_of_VE++;m_SZ_of_link++;}TE <TY T> IN VO LinkedVE<T>::SetPreviousLink(CRUI i,CRUI j){m_entry[i].m_prev_entry = j;}TE <TY T> IN VO LinkedVE<T>::SetNexttLink(CRUI i,CRUI j){m_entry[i].m_next_entry = j;}TE <TY T> IN CRUI LinkedVE<T>::GetPreviousLinkIndex(CRUI i)CO{RE m_entry[i].m_prev_entry;}TE <TY T> IN CRUI LinkedVE<T>::GetNexttLinkIndex(CRUI i)CO{RE m_entry[i].m_next_entry;}TE <TY T>CRUI LinkedVE<T>::DeLink(CRUI i){CO EntryOfLinkedVE<T>& e = m_entry[i];m_entry[e.m_prev_entry].m_next_entry = e.m_next_entry;m_entry[e.m_next_entry].m_prev_entry = e.m_prev_entry;if(m_front_linked_entry == i){m_front_linked_entry = e.m_next_entry;}if(m_back_linked_entry == i){m_back_linked_entry = e.m_prev_entry;}m_SZ_of_link--;RE e.m_next_entry;}TE <TY T>VO LinkedVE<T>::ReLink(CRUI i){EntryOfLinkedVE<T>& current_entry = m_entry[i];if(m_SZ_of_link == 0){EntryOfLinkedVE<T>& EN_entry = m_entry[m_SZ_of_VE];EN_entry.m_prev_entry = EN_entry.m_next_entry = i;current_entry.m_prev_entry = current_entry.m_next_entry = m_SZ_of_VE;m_front_linked_entry = m_back_linked_entry = i;}else{uint prev;if(m_front_linked_entry > i){m_front_linked_entry = i;prev = m_SZ_of_VE;}else{prev = m_front_linked_entry;}if(m_back_linked_entry < i){m_back_linked_entry = i;}prev = m_entry[prev].m_next_entry;WH(prev < i){prev = m_entry[prev].m_next_entry;}CO uint next = prev;EntryOfLinkedVE<T>& next_entry = m_entry[next];prev = next_entry.m_prev_entry;EntryOfLinkedVE<T>& prev_entry = m_entry[prev];prev_entry.m_next_entry = i;current_entry.m_prev_entry = prev;current_entry.m_next_entry = next;next_entry.m_prev_entry = i;}m_SZ_of_link++;RE;}TE <TY T> IN TY LinkedVE<T>::iterator LinkedVE<T>::GetIterator(CRUI i)NE{RE TY LinkedVE<T>::iterator(TH,i);}TE <TY T> IN TY LinkedVE<T>::CO_iterator LinkedVE<T>::GetIterator(CRUI i)CO NE{RE TY LinkedVE<T>::CO_iterator(TH,i);}TE <TY T> IN TY LinkedVE<T>::iterator LinkedVE<T>::BE()NE{RE TY LinkedVE<T>::iterator(TH,m_front_linked_entry);}TE <TY T> IN TY LinkedVE<T>::CO_iterator LinkedVE<T>::BE()CO NE{RE TY LinkedVE<T>::CO_iterator(TH,m_front_linked_entry);}TE <TY T> IN TY LinkedVE<T>::iterator LinkedVE<T>::EN()NE{RE TY LinkedVE<T>::iterator(TH,m_SZ_of_VE);}TE <TY T> IN TY LinkedVE<T>::CO_iterator LinkedVE<T>::EN()CO NE{RE TY LinkedVE<T>::CO_iterator(TH,m_SZ_of_VE);}TE <TY T> TY LinkedVE<T>::iterator LinkedVE<T>::erase(TY LinkedVE<T>::iterator& itr){RE TY LinkedVE<T>::iterator(TH,DeLink(itr.m_i));}
TE <TY T>CL EntryOfUnionFindForest{PU:VLSubTree<T> m_node;uint m_pred_node;uint m_root;uint m_depth;IN EntryOfUnionFindForest();IN EntryOfUnionFindForest(CO T& t,CRUI num);IN EntryOfUnionFindForest(EntryOfUnionFindForest&& e);};TE <TY T> IN EntryOfUnionFindForest<T>::EntryOfUnionFindForest(): m_node(),m_pred_node(0),m_root(0),m_depth(0){}TE <TY T> IN EntryOfUnionFindForest<T>::EntryOfUnionFindForest(CO T& t,CRUI num): m_node(),m_pred_node(num),m_root(num),m_depth(0){m_node.SetRoot(t);}TE <TY T> IN EntryOfUnionFindForest<T>::EntryOfUnionFindForest(EntryOfUnionFindForest<T>&& e): m_node(),m_pred_node(MO(e.m_pred_node)),m_root(MO(e.m_root)),m_depth(MO(e.m_depth)){m_node.SetRoot(MO(e.m_node.m_p_root->m_t));}
TE <TY T=char>CL UnionFindForest :public LinkedVE<EntryOfUnionFindForest<T> >{PU:IN UnionFindForest(CRUI max_SZ);IN UnionFindForest(CRUI max_SZ,CRUI SZ);IN CO VLSubTree<T>& GetSubTree(CRUI num)CO;IN CRUI GetPredecessorNode(CRUI num)CO;CRUI GetRootOfNode(CRUI num);uint GetRoot(CRUI num)CO;IN CO T& OP[](CRUI num)CO;IN T& OP[](CRUI num);IN CRUI GetSZOfNode()CO NE;IN CRUI GetSZOfRoot()CO NE;IN VO push_RightMost();VO push_RightMost(CO T& t);TE <TY... ARGS> IN VO push_RightMost(CO T& t,CO ARGS&... args);IN VO push_back()= delete;TE <TY U> VO push_back(CO U& u)= delete;TE <TY U,TY... ARGS> IN VO push_back(CO U& u,CO ARGS&... args)= delete;IN VO SetPreviousLink(CRUI i,CRUI j)= delete;IN VO SetNexttLink(CRUI i,CRUI j)= delete;IN CRUI GetPreviousLinkIndex(CRUI i)CO = delete;IN CRUI GetNexttLinkIndex(CRUI i)CO = delete;CRUI DeLink(CRUI i)= delete;VO ReLink(CRUI i)= delete;VO Graft(CRUI num0,CRUI num1);};
TE <TY T> IN UnionFindForest<T>::UnionFindForest(CRUI max_SZ): LinkedVE<EntryOfUnionFindForest<T> >(max_SZ){}TE <TY T> IN UnionFindForest<T>::UnionFindForest(CRUI max_SZ,CRUI SZ): UnionFindForest(max_SZ){T t{};for(int i=0;i<SZ;i++){push_RightMost(t);}}TE <TY T> IN CO VLSubTree<T>& UnionFindForest<T>::GetSubTree(CRUI num)CO{RE LinkedVE<EntryOfUnionFindForest<T> >::OP[](num).m_node;}TE <TY T> IN CRUI UnionFindForest<T>::GetPredecessorNode(CRUI num)CO{RE LinkedVE<EntryOfUnionFindForest<T> >::OP[](num).m_pred_node;}TE <TY T>CRUI UnionFindForest<T>::GetRootOfNode(CRUI num){uint& root = LinkedVE<EntryOfUnionFindForest<T> >::OP[](num).m_root;if(root != LinkedVE<EntryOfUnionFindForest<T> >::OP[](root).m_root){root = GetRootOfNode(root);}RE root;}TE <TY T>uint UnionFindForest<T>::GetRoot(CRUI num)CO{auto itr = LinkedVE<EntryOfUnionFindForest<T> >::BE();for(uint i = 0;i < num;i++){itr++;}RE itr.GetIndex();}TE <TY T> IN CO T& UnionFindForest<T>::OP[](CRUI num)CO{RE LinkedVE<EntryOfUnionFindForest<T> >::OP[](num).m_node.GetRoot();}TE <TY T> IN T& UnionFindForest<T>::OP[](CRUI num){RE LinkedVE<EntryOfUnionFindForest<T> >::OP[](num).m_node.RefRoot();}TE <TY T> IN CRUI UnionFindForest<T>::GetSZOfNode()CO NE{RE LinkedVE<EntryOfUnionFindForest<T> >::GetSZOfVE();}TE <TY T> IN CRUI UnionFindForest<T>::GetSZOfRoot()CO NE{RE LinkedVE<EntryOfUnionFindForest<T> >::GetSZOfLink();}TE <TY T> IN VO UnionFindForest<T>::push_RightMost(){}TE <TY T>VO UnionFindForest<T>::push_RightMost(CO T& t){EntryOfLinkedVE<EntryOfUnionFindForest<T> >& e = LinkedVE<EntryOfUnionFindForest<T> >::push_back_Body_0();e.m_t.m_node.SetRoot(t);e.m_t.m_pred_node = e.m_t.m_root = LinkedVE<EntryOfUnionFindForest<T> >::m_SZ_of_VE;LinkedVE<EntryOfUnionFindForest<T> >::push_back_Body_1(e);RE;}TE <TY T> TE <TY... ARGS> IN VO UnionFindForest<T>::push_RightMost(CO T& t,CO ARGS&... args){push_RightMost(t);push_RightMost(args...);}TE <TY T>VO UnionFindForest<T>::Graft(CRUI num0,CRUI num1){CRUI e0_root_index = GetRootOfNode(num0);CRUI e1_root_index = GetRootOfNode(num1);if(e0_root_index == e1_root_index){RE;}EntryOfUnionFindForest<T>& e0_root = LinkedVE<EntryOfUnionFindForest<T> >::OP[](e0_root_index);EntryOfUnionFindForest<T>& e1_root = LinkedVE<EntryOfUnionFindForest<T> >::OP[](e1_root_index);CO uint i0 =(e0_root.m_depth < e1_root.m_depth?0:1);CO uint i1 = 1 - i0;EntryOfUnionFindForest<T>* CO p_e_root[2] ={&e0_root,&e1_root};EntryOfUnionFindForest<T>& root_0 = *(p_e_root[i0]);EntryOfUnionFindForest<T>& root_1 = *(p_e_root[i1]);if(root_0.m_depth == root_1.m_depth){root_1.m_depth++;}root_1.m_node.Graft(root_0.m_node);LinkedVE<EntryOfUnionFindForest<T> >::DeLink(root_0.m_root);root_0.m_root = root_0.m_pred_node = root_1.m_root;RE;}










// AAA 常設でないライブラリは以上に挿入する。

#define INCLUDE_SUB
#include __FILE__

#else // INCLUDE_LIBRARY

// #define REACTIVE
// #define USE_GETLINE
#ifdef DEBUG
  #define _GLIBCXX_DEBUG
#define REPEAT_MAIN( BOUND ) START_MAIN; signal( SIGABRT , &AlertAbort ); AutoCheck( exec_mode , use_getline ); if( exec_mode == sample_debug_mode || exec_mode == submission_debug_mode || exec_mode == library_search_mode ){ return 0; } else if( exec_mode == experiment_mode ){ Experiment(); return 0; } else if( exec_mode == small_test_mode ){ SmallTest(); return 0; }; DEXPR( int , bound_test_case_num , BOUND , min( BOUND , 100 ) ); int test_case_num = 1; if( exec_mode == solve_mode ){ if constexpr( bound_test_case_num > 1 ){ SET_ASSERT( test_case_num , 1 , bound_test_case_num ); } } else if( exec_mode == random_test_mode ){ CERR( "ランダムテストを行う回数を指定してください。" ); SET_LL( test_case_num ); } FINISH_MAIN
  #define DEXPR( LL , BOUND , VALUE , DEBUG_VALUE ) CEXPR( LL , BOUND , DEBUG_VALUE )
  #define ASSERT( A , MIN , MAX ) CERR( "ASSERTチェック： " , ( MIN ) , ( ( MIN ) <= A ? "<=" : ">" ) , A , ( A <= ( MAX ) ? "<=" : ">" ) , ( MAX ) ); assert( ( MIN ) <= A && A <= ( MAX ) )
  #define SET_ASSERT( A , MIN , MAX ) if( exec_mode == solve_mode ){ SET_LL( A ); ASSERT( A , MIN , MAX ); } else if( exec_mode == random_test_mode ){ CERR( #A , " = " , ( A = GetRand( MIN , MAX ) ) ); } else { assert( false ); }
  #define SOLVE_ONLY static_assert( __FUNCTION__[0] == 'S' )
  #define CERR( ... ) VariadicCout( cerr , __VA_ARGS__ ) << endl
  #define COUT( ... ) VariadicCout( cout << "出力： " , __VA_ARGS__ ) << endl
  #define CERR_A( A , N ) OUTPUT_ARRAY( cerr , A , N ) << endl
  #define COUT_A( A , N ) cout << "出力： "; OUTPUT_ARRAY( cout , A , N ) << endl
  #define CERR_ITR( A ) OUTPUT_ITR( cerr , A ) << endl
  #define COUT_ITR( A ) cout << "出力： "; OUTPUT_ITR( cout , A ) << endl
#else
  #pragma GCC optimize ( "O3" )
  #pragma GCC optimize ( "unroll-loops" )
  #pragma GCC target ( "sse4.2,fma,avx2,popcnt,lzcnt,bmi2" )
  #define REPEAT_MAIN( BOUND ) START_MAIN; CEXPR( int , bound_test_case_num , BOUND ); int test_case_num = 1; if constexpr( bound_test_case_num > 1 ){ SET_ASSERT( test_case_num , 1 , bound_test_case_num ); } FINISH_MAIN
  #define DEXPR( LL , BOUND , VALUE , DEBUG_VALUE ) CEXPR( LL , BOUND , VALUE )
  #define ASSERT( A , MIN , MAX ) assert( ( MIN ) <= A && A <= ( MAX ) )
  #define SET_ASSERT( A , MIN , MAX ) SET_LL( A ); ASSERT( A , MIN , MAX )
  #define SOLVE_ONLY 
  #define CERR( ... ) 
  #define COUT( ... ) VariadicCout( cout , __VA_ARGS__ ) << ENDL
  #define CERR_A( A , N ) 
  #define COUT_A( A , N ) OUTPUT_ARRAY( cout , A , N ) << ENDL
  #define CERR_ITR( A ) 
  #define COUT_ITR( A ) OUTPUT_ITR( cout , A ) << ENDL
#endif
#ifdef REACTIVE
  #define ENDL endl
#else
  #define ENDL "\n"
#endif
#ifdef USE_GETLINE
  #define SET_LL( A ) { GETLINE( A ## _str ); A = stoll( A_str ); }
  #define GETLINE_SEPARATE( SEPARATOR , ... ) SOLVE_ONLY; string __VA_ARGS__; VariadicGetline( cin , SEPARATOR , __VA_ARGS__ )
  #define GETLINE( ... ) SOLVE_ONLY; GETLINE_SEPARATE( '\n' , __VA_ARGS__ )
#else
  #define SET_LL( A ) cin >> A
  #define CIN( LL , ... ) SOLVE_ONLY; LL __VA_ARGS__; VariadicCin( cin , __VA_ARGS__ )
  #define SET_A( A , N ) SOLVE_ONLY; FOR( VARIABLE_FOR_CIN_A , 0 , N ){ cin >> A[VARIABLE_FOR_CIN_A]; }
  #define CIN_A( LL , A , N ) vector<LL> A( N ); SET_A( A , N );
#endif
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
using uint = unsigned int;
using ll = long long;
using ull = unsigned long long;
using ld = long double;
using lld = __float128;
template <typename INT> using T2 = pair<INT,INT>;
template <typename INT> using T3 = tuple<INT,INT,INT>;
template <typename INT> using T4 = tuple<INT,INT,INT,INT>;
using path = pair<int,ll>;
#define ATT __attribute__( ( target( "sse4.2,fma,avx2,popcnt,lzcnt,bmi2" ) ) )
#define START_MAIN int main(){ ios_base::sync_with_stdio( false ); cin.tie( nullptr )
#define FINISH_MAIN REPEAT( test_case_num ){ if constexpr( bound_test_case_num > 1 ){ CERR( "testcase " , VARIABLE_FOR_REPEAT_test_case_num , ":" ); } Solve(); CERR( "" ); } }
#define START_WATCH chrono::system_clock::time_point watch = chrono::system_clock::now()
#define CURRENT_TIME static_cast<double>( chrono::duration_cast<chrono::microseconds>( chrono::system_clock::now() - watch ).count() / 1000.0 )
#define CHECK_WATCH( TL_MS ) ( CURRENT_TIME < TL_MS - 100.0 )
#define TYPE_OF( VAR ) decay_t<decltype( VAR )>
#define CEXPR( LL , BOUND , VALUE ) constexpr LL BOUND = VALUE
#define CIN_ASSERT( A , MIN , MAX ) TYPE_OF( MAX ) A; SET_ASSERT( A , MIN , MAX )
#define FOR( VAR , INITIAL , FINAL_PLUS_ONE ) for( TYPE_OF( FINAL_PLUS_ONE ) VAR = INITIAL ; VAR < FINAL_PLUS_ONE ; VAR ++ )
#define FOREQ( VAR , INITIAL , FINAL ) for( TYPE_OF( FINAL ) VAR = INITIAL ; VAR <= FINAL ; VAR ++ )
#define FOREQINV( VAR , INITIAL , FINAL ) for( TYPE_OF( INITIAL ) VAR = INITIAL ; VAR >= FINAL ; VAR -- )
#define AUTO_ITR( ARRAY ) auto itr_ ## ARRAY = ARRAY .begin() , end_ ## ARRAY = ARRAY .end()
#define FOR_ITR( ARRAY ) for( AUTO_ITR( ARRAY ) , itr = itr_ ## ARRAY ; itr_ ## ARRAY != end_ ## ARRAY ; itr_ ## ARRAY ++ , itr++ )
#define REPEAT( HOW_MANY_TIMES ) FOR( VARIABLE_FOR_REPEAT_ ## HOW_MANY_TIMES , 0 , HOW_MANY_TIMES )
#define SET_PRECISION( DECIMAL_DIGITS ) cout << fixed << setprecision( DECIMAL_DIGITS )
#define OUTPUT_ARRAY( OS , A , N ) FOR( VARIABLE_FOR_OUTPUT_ARRAY , 0 , N ){ OS << A[VARIABLE_FOR_OUTPUT_ARRAY] << (VARIABLE_FOR_OUTPUT_ARRAY==N-1?"":" "); } OS
#define OUTPUT_ITR( OS , A ) { auto ITERATOR_FOR_OUTPUT_ITR = A.begin() , END_FOR_OUTPUT_ITR = A.end(); bool VARIABLE_FOR_OUTPUT_ITR = ITERATOR_FOR_COUT_ITR != END_FOR_COUT_ITR; while( VARIABLE_FOR_OUTPUT_ITR ){ OS << *ITERATOR_FOR_COUT_ITR; ( VARIABLE_FOR_OUTPUT_ITR = ++ITERATOR_FOR_COUT_ITR != END_FOR_COUT_ITR ) ? OS : OS << " "; } } OS
#define RETURN( ... ) SOLVE_ONLY; COUT( __VA_ARGS__ ); return
#define COMPARE( ... ) auto naive = Naive( __VA_ARGS__ ); auto answer = Answer( __VA_ARGS__ ); bool match = naive == answer; COUT( #__VA_ARGS__ , ":" , naive , match ? "==" : "!=" , answer ); if( !match ){ return; }

// 入出力用
template <class Traits> inline basic_istream<char,Traits>& VariadicCin( basic_istream<char,Traits>& is ) { return is; }
template <class Traits , typename Arg , typename... ARGS> inline basic_istream<char,Traits>& VariadicCin( basic_istream<char,Traits>& is , Arg& arg , ARGS&... args ) { return VariadicCin( is >> arg , args... ); }
template <class Traits> inline basic_istream<char,Traits>& VariadicGetline( basic_istream<char,Traits>& is , const char& separator ) { return is; }
template <class Traits , typename Arg , typename... ARGS> inline basic_istream<char,Traits>& VariadicGetline( basic_istream<char,Traits>& is , const char& separator , Arg& arg , ARGS&... args ) { return VariadicGetline( getline( is , arg , separator ) , separator , args... ); }
template <class Traits , typename Arg> inline basic_ostream<char,Traits>& VariadicCout( basic_ostream<char,Traits>& os , const Arg& arg ) { return os << arg; }
template <class Traits , typename Arg1 , typename Arg2 , typename... ARGS> inline basic_ostream<char,Traits>& VariadicCout( basic_ostream<char,Traits>& os , const Arg1& arg1 , const Arg2& arg2 , const ARGS&... args ) { return VariadicCout( os << arg1 << " " , arg2 , args... ); }

// グリッド問題用
int H , W , H_minus , W_minus , HW;
vector<vector<bool> > non_wall;
inline T2<int> EnumHW( const int& v ) { return { v / W , v % W }; }
inline int EnumHW_inv( const int& h , const int& w ) { return h * W + w; }
const string direction[4] = {"U","R","D","L"};
// (i,j)->(k,h)の方向番号を取得
inline int DirectionNumberOnGrid( const int& i , const int& j , const int& k , const int& h ){return i<k?2:i>k?0:j<h?1:j>h?3:(assert(false),-1);}
// v->wの方向番号を取得
inline int DirectionNumberOnGrid( const int& v , const int& w ){auto [i,j]=EnumHW(v);auto [k,h]=EnumHW(w);return DirectionNumberOnGrid(i,j,k,h);}
// 方向番号の反転U<->D、R<->L
inline int ReverseDirectionNumberOnGrid( const int& n ){assert(0<=n&&n<4);return(n+2)%4;}
inline void SetEdgeOnGrid( const string& Si , const int& i , list<int> ( &e )[] , const char& walkable = '.' ){FOR(j,0,W){if(Si[j]==walkable){int v = EnumHW_inv(i,j);if(i>0){e[EnumHW_inv(i-1,j)].push_back(v);}if(i+1<H){e[EnumHW_inv(i+1,j)].push_back(v);}if(j>0){e[EnumHW_inv(i,j-1)].push_back(v);}if(j+1<W){e[EnumHW_inv(i,j+1)].push_back(v);}}}}
inline void SetEdgeOnGrid( const string& Si , const int& i , list<path> ( &e )[] , const char& walkable = '.' ){FOR(j,0,W){if(Si[j]==walkable){const int v=EnumHW_inv(i,j);if(i>0){e[EnumHW_inv(i-1,j)].push_back({v,1});}if(i+1<H){e[EnumHW_inv(i+1,j)].push_back({v,1});}if(j>0){e[EnumHW_inv(i,j-1)].push_back({v,1});}if(j+1<W){e[EnumHW_inv(i,j+1)].push_back({v,1});}}}}
inline void SetWallOnGrid( const string& Si , const int& i , vector<vector<bool> >& non_wall , const char& walkable = '.'  , const char& unwalkable = '#' ){non_wall.push_back(vector<bool>(W));auto& non_wall_i=non_wall[i];FOR(j,0,W){non_wall_i[j]=Si[j]==walkable?true:(assert(Si[j]==unwalkable),false);}}

// グラフ用
template <typename PATH> vector<list<PATH> > e;
template <typename T> map<T,T> f;
template <typename T> vector<T> g;

// デバッグ用
#ifdef DEBUG
  inline void AlertAbort( int n ) { CERR( "abort関数が呼ばれました。assertマクロのメッセージが出力されていない場合はオーバーフローの有無を確認をしてください。" ); }
  void AutoCheck( int& exec_mode , const bool& use_getline );
  inline void Solve();
  inline void Experiment();
  inline void SmallTest();
  inline void RandomTest();
  ll GetRand( const ll& Rand_min , const ll& Rand_max );
  int exec_mode;
  CEXPR( int , solve_mode , 0 );
  CEXPR( int , sample_debug_mode , 1 );
  CEXPR( int , submission_debug_mode , 2 );
  CEXPR( int , library_search_mode , 3 );
  CEXPR( int , experiment_mode , 4 );
  CEXPR( int , small_test_mode , 5 );
  CEXPR( int , random_test_mode , 6 );
  #ifdef USE_GETLINE
    CEXPR( bool , use_getline , true );
  #else
    CEXPR( bool , use_getline , false );
  #endif
#endif

// 圧縮用
#define TE template
#define TY typename
#define US using
#define ST static
#define IN inline
#define CL class
#define PU public
#define OP operator
#define CE constexpr
#define CO const
#define NE noexcept
#define RE return 
#define WH while
#define VO void
#define VE vector
#define LI list
#define BE begin
#define EN end
#define SZ size
#define MO move
#define TH this
#define CRI CO int&
#define CRUI CO uint&
#define CRL CO ll&

// VVV 常設ライブラリは以下に挿入する。

// AAA 常設ライブラリは以上に挿入する。

#define INCLUDE_LIBRARY
#include __FILE__

#endif // INCLUDE_LIBRARY

#endif // INCLUDE_SUB

#endif // INCLUDE_MAIN