#982065 (Rust) No.2762 Counting and Deleting

• 問題: No.2762 Counting and Deleting
• ユーザー: akakimidori
• 提出日時: 2024-05-17 21:32:50
• 言語: Rust (1.77.0 + proconio)
• 結果: AC
• 実行時間: 233 ms / 4,000 ms
• コード長: 28,640 bytes
• コンパイル時間: 12,699 ms
• コンパイル使用メモリ: 402,928 KB
• 実行使用メモリ: 15,164 KB
• 最終ジャッジ日時: 2024-05-17 21:33:12
• 合計ジャッジ時間: 15,878 ms
• ジャッジサーバーID （参考情報）: judge3 / judge2

入力	結果	実行時間; 実行使用メモリ
testcase_00	AC	1 ms; 6,816 KB
testcase_01	AC	1 ms; 6,944 KB
testcase_02	AC	1 ms; 6,944 KB
testcase_03	AC	1 ms; 6,940 KB
testcase_04	AC	0 ms; 6,940 KB
testcase_05	AC	1 ms; 6,944 KB
testcase_06	AC	1 ms; 6,940 KB
testcase_07	AC	196 ms; 15,164 KB
testcase_08	AC	198 ms; 15,040 KB
testcase_09	AC	200 ms; 15,140 KB
testcase_10	AC	195 ms; 15,000 KB
testcase_11	AC	226 ms; 14,928 KB
testcase_12	AC	209 ms; 14,952 KB
testcase_13	AC	211 ms; 15,108 KB
testcase_14	AC	233 ms; 14,944 KB
testcase_15	AC	146 ms; 14,960 KB
testcase_16	AC	146 ms; 15,080 KB

コンパイルメッセージ

warning: type alias `Map` is never used
 --> src/main.rs:4:6
  |
4 | type Map<K, V> = BTreeMap<K, V>;
  |      ^^^
  |
  = note: `#[warn(dead_code)]` on by default

warning: type alias `Deque` is never used
 --> src/main.rs:6:6
  |
6 | type Deque<T> = VecDeque<T>;
  |      ^^^^^

ソースコード

use std::io::Write;
use std::collections::*;

type Map<K, V> = BTreeMap<K, V>;
type Set<T> = BTreeSet<T>;
type Deque<T> = VecDeque<T>;

fn run() {
    input! {
        n: usize,
        q: usize,
        s: bytes,
        ask: [(u8, usize1, usize); q],
    }
    let mut set = (0..n).collect::<Set<_>>();
    let mut seg = SegmentTreePURQ::new(n, Matrix::one(3), |a, b| a.matmul(b));
    for (i, s) in s.iter().enumerate() {
        let mut mat = Matrix::one(3);
        if *s == b'0' {
            mat[0].fill(M::one());
        } else {
            mat[1].fill(M::one());
        }
        seg.update_tmp(i, mat);
    }
    seg.update_all();
    let out = std::io::stdout();
    let mut out = std::io::BufWriter::new(out.lock());
    for (op, l, r) in ask {
        if op == 1 {
            while let Some(&x) = set.range(l..r).next() {
                set.remove(&x);
                seg.update(x, Matrix::one(3));
            }
        } else {
            let ans = seg.find(l, r)[1][2];
            writeln!(out, "{}", ans).ok();
        }
    }
}

fn main() {
    run();
}

type M = ModInt<998244353>;

// ---------- begin input macro ----------
// reference: https://qiita.com/tanakh/items/0ba42c7ca36cd29d0ac8
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! input {
    (source = $s:expr, $($r:tt)*) => {
        let mut iter = $s.split_whitespace();
        input_inner!{iter, $($r)*}
    };
    ($($r:tt)*) => {
        let s = {
            use std::io::Read;
            let mut s = String::new();
            std::io::stdin().read_to_string(&mut s).unwrap();
            s
        };
        let mut iter = s.split_whitespace();
        input_inner!{iter, $($r)*}
    };
}

#[macro_export]
macro_rules! input_inner {
    ($iter:expr) => {};
    ($iter:expr, ) => {};
    ($iter:expr, $var:ident : $t:tt $($r:tt)*) => {
        let $var = read_value!($iter, $t);
        input_inner!{$iter $($r)*}
    };
}

#[macro_export]
macro_rules! read_value {
    ($iter:expr, ( $($t:tt),* )) => {
        ( $(read_value!($iter, $t)),* )
    };
    ($iter:expr, [ $t:tt ; $len:expr ]) => {
        (0..$len).map(|_| read_value!($iter, $t)).collect::<Vec<_>>()
    };
    ($iter:expr, chars) => {
        read_value!($iter, String).chars().collect::<Vec<char>>()
    };
    ($iter:expr, bytes) => {
        read_value!($iter, String).bytes().collect::<Vec<u8>>()
    };
    ($iter:expr, usize1) => {
        read_value!($iter, usize) - 1
    };
    ($iter:expr, $t:ty) => {
        $iter.next().unwrap().parse::<$t>().expect("Parse error")
    };
}
// ---------- end input macro ----------

use std::ops::*;

// ---------- begin trait ----------
pub trait Zero: Sized + Add<Self, Output = Self> {
    fn zero() -> Self;
    fn is_zero(&self) -> bool;
}

pub trait One: Sized + Mul<Self, Output = Self> {
    fn one() -> Self;
    fn is_one(&self) -> bool;
}

pub trait SemiRing: Zero + One {}

pub trait Ring: SemiRing + Sub<Output = Self> + Neg<Output = Self> {}

pub trait Field: Ring + Div<Output = Self> {}

impl<T> SemiRing for T where T: Zero + One {}

impl<T> Ring for T where T: SemiRing + Sub<Output = Self> + Neg<Output = Self> {}

impl<T> Field for T where T: Ring + Div<Output = Self> {}
// ---------- end trait ----------
// ---------- begin modint ----------
pub const fn pow_mod(mut r: u32, mut n: u32, m: u32) -> u32 {
    let mut t = 1;
    while n > 0 {
        if n & 1 == 1 {
            t = (t as u64 * r as u64 % m as u64) as u32;
        }
        r = (r as u64 * r as u64 % m as u64) as u32;
        n >>= 1;
    }
    t
}

pub const fn primitive_root(p: u32) -> u32 {
    let mut m = p - 1;
    let mut f = [1; 30];
    let mut k = 0;
    let mut d = 2;
    while d * d <= m {
        if m % d == 0 {
            f[k] = d;
            k += 1;
        }
        while m % d == 0 {
            m /= d;
        }
        d += 1;
    }
    if m > 1 {
        f[k] = m;
        k += 1;
    }
    let mut g = 1;
    while g < p {
        let mut ok = true;
        let mut i = 0;
        while i < k {
            ok &= pow_mod(g, (p - 1) / f[i], p) > 1;
            i += 1;
        }
        if ok {
            break;
        }
        g += 1;
    }
    g
}

pub const fn is_prime(n: u32) -> bool {
    if n <= 1 {
        return false;
    }
    let mut d = 2;
    while d * d <= n {
        if n % d == 0 {
            return false;
        }
        d += 1;
    }
    true
}

#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct ModInt<const M: u32>(u32);

impl<const M: u32> ModInt<{ M }> {
    const REM: u32 = {
        let mut t = 1u32;
        let mut s = !M + 1;
        let mut n = !0u32 >> 2;
        while n > 0 {
            if n & 1 == 1 {
                t = t.wrapping_mul(s);
            }
            s = s.wrapping_mul(s);
            n >>= 1;
        }
        t
    };
    const INI: u64 = ((1u128 << 64) % M as u128) as u64;
    const IS_PRIME: () = assert!(is_prime(M));
    const PRIMITIVE_ROOT: u32 = primitive_root(M);
    const ORDER: usize = 1 << (M - 1).trailing_zeros();
    const fn reduce(x: u64) -> u32 {
        let _ = Self::IS_PRIME;
        let b = (x as u32 * Self::REM) as u64;
        let t = x + b * M as u64;
        let mut c = (t >> 32) as u32;
        if c >= M {
            c -= M;
        }
        c as u32
    }
    const fn multiply(a: u32, b: u32) -> u32 {
        Self::reduce(a as u64 * b as u64)
    }
    pub const fn new(v: u32) -> Self {
        assert!(v < M);
        Self(Self::reduce(v as u64 * Self::INI))
    }
    pub const fn const_mul(&self, rhs: Self) -> Self {
        Self(Self::multiply(self.0, rhs.0))
    }
    pub const fn pow(&self, mut n: u64) -> Self {
        let mut t = Self::new(1);
        let mut r = *self;
        while n > 0 {
            if n & 1 == 1 {
                t = t.const_mul(r);
            }
            r = r.const_mul(r);
            n >>= 1;
        }
        t
    }
    pub const fn inv(&self) -> Self {
        assert!(self.0 != 0);
        self.pow(M as u64 - 2)
    }
    pub const fn get(&self) -> u32 {
        Self::reduce(self.0 as u64)
    }
    pub const fn zero() -> Self {
        Self::new(0)
    }
    pub const fn one() -> Self {
        Self::new(1)
    }
}

impl<const M: u32> Add for ModInt<{ M }> {
    type Output = Self;
    fn add(self, rhs: Self) -> Self::Output {
        let mut v = self.0 + rhs.0;
        if v >= M {
            v -= M;
        }
        Self(v)
    }
}

impl<const M: u32> Sub for ModInt<{ M }> {
    type Output = Self;
    fn sub(self, rhs: Self) -> Self::Output {
        let mut v = self.0 - rhs.0;
        if self.0 < rhs.0 {
            v += M;
        }
        Self(v)
    }
}

impl<const M: u32> Mul for ModInt<{ M }> {
    type Output = Self;
    fn mul(self, rhs: Self) -> Self::Output {
        self.const_mul(rhs)
    }
}

impl<const M: u32> Div for ModInt<{ M }> {
    type Output = Self;
    fn div(self, rhs: Self) -> Self::Output {
        self * rhs.inv()
    }
}

impl<const M: u32> AddAssign for ModInt<{ M }> {
    fn add_assign(&mut self, rhs: Self) {
        *self = *self + rhs;
    }
}

impl<const M: u32> SubAssign for ModInt<{ M }> {
    fn sub_assign(&mut self, rhs: Self) {
        *self = *self - rhs;
    }
}

impl<const M: u32> MulAssign for ModInt<{ M }> {
    fn mul_assign(&mut self, rhs: Self) {
        *self = *self * rhs;
    }
}

impl<const M: u32> DivAssign for ModInt<{ M }> {
    fn div_assign(&mut self, rhs: Self) {
        *self = *self / rhs;
    }
}

impl<const M: u32> Neg for ModInt<{ M }> {
    type Output = Self;
    fn neg(self) -> Self::Output {
        if self.0 == 0 {
            self
        } else {
            Self(M - self.0)
        }
    }
}

impl<const M: u32> std::fmt::Display for ModInt<{ M }> {
    fn fmt<'a>(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'a>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "{}", self.get())
    }
}

impl<const M: u32> std::fmt::Debug for ModInt<{ M }> {
    fn fmt<'a>(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'a>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "{}", self.get())
    }
}

impl<const M: u32> std::str::FromStr for ModInt<{ M }> {
    type Err = std::num::ParseIntError;
    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
        let val = s.parse::<u32>()?;
        Ok(ModInt::new(val))
    }
}

impl<const M: u32> From<usize> for ModInt<{ M }> {
    fn from(val: usize) -> ModInt<{ M }> {
        ModInt::new((val % M as usize) as u32)
    }
}
// ---------- end modint ----------
// ---------- begin precalc ----------
pub struct Precalc<const MOD: u32> {
    fact: Vec<ModInt<MOD>>,
    ifact: Vec<ModInt<MOD>>,
    inv: Vec<ModInt<MOD>>,
}

impl<const MOD: u32> Precalc<MOD> {
    pub fn new(size: usize) -> Self {
        let mut fact = vec![ModInt::one(); size + 1];
        let mut ifact = vec![ModInt::one(); size + 1];
        let mut inv = vec![ModInt::one(); size + 1];
        for i in 2..=size {
            fact[i] = fact[i - 1] * ModInt::from(i);
        }
        ifact[size] = fact[size].inv();
        for i in (2..=size).rev() {
            inv[i] = ifact[i] * fact[i - 1];
            ifact[i - 1] = ifact[i] * ModInt::from(i);
        }
        Self { fact, ifact, inv }
    }
    pub fn fact(&self, n: usize) -> ModInt<MOD> {
        self.fact[n]
    }
    pub fn ifact(&self, n: usize) -> ModInt<MOD> {
        self.ifact[n]
    }
    pub fn inv(&self, n: usize) -> ModInt<MOD> {
        assert!(0 < n);
        self.inv[n]
    }
    pub fn perm(&self, n: usize, k: usize) -> ModInt<MOD> {
        if k > n {
            return ModInt::zero();
        }
        self.fact[n] * self.ifact[n - k]
    }
    pub fn binom(&self, n: usize, k: usize) -> ModInt<MOD> {
        if n < k {
            return ModInt::zero();
        }
        self.fact[n] * self.ifact[k] * self.ifact[n - k]
    }
}
// ---------- end precalc ----------

impl<const M: u32> Zero for ModInt<{ M }> {
    fn zero() -> Self {
        Self::zero()
    }
    fn is_zero(&self) -> bool {
        self.0 == 0
    }
}

impl<const M: u32> One for ModInt<{ M }> {
    fn one() -> Self {
        Self::one()
    }
    fn is_one(&self) -> bool {
        self.get() == 1
    }
}

// ---------- begin array op ----------

struct NTTPrecalc<const M: u32> {
    sum_e: [ModInt<{ M }>; 30],
    sum_ie: [ModInt<{ M }>; 30],
}

impl<const M: u32> NTTPrecalc<{ M }> {
    const fn new() -> Self {
        let cnt2 = (M - 1).trailing_zeros() as usize;
        let root = ModInt::new(ModInt::<{ M }>::PRIMITIVE_ROOT);
        let zeta = root.pow((M - 1) as u64 >> cnt2);
        let mut es = [ModInt::zero(); 30];
        let mut ies = [ModInt::zero(); 30];
        let mut sum_e = [ModInt::zero(); 30];
        let mut sum_ie = [ModInt::zero(); 30];
        let mut e = zeta;
        let mut ie = e.inv();
        let mut i = cnt2;
        while i >= 2 {
            es[i - 2] = e;
            ies[i - 2] = ie;
            e = e.const_mul(e);
            ie = ie.const_mul(ie);
            i -= 1;
        }
        let mut now = ModInt::one();
        let mut inow = ModInt::one();
        let mut i = 0;
        while i < cnt2 - 1 {
            sum_e[i] = es[i].const_mul(now);
            sum_ie[i] = ies[i].const_mul(inow);
            now = ies[i].const_mul(now);
            inow = es[i].const_mul(inow);
            i += 1;
        }
        Self { sum_e, sum_ie }
    }
}

struct NTTPrecalcHelper<const MOD: u32>;
impl<const MOD: u32> NTTPrecalcHelper<MOD> {
    const A: NTTPrecalc<MOD> = NTTPrecalc::new();
}

pub trait ArrayAdd {
    type Item;
    fn add(&self, rhs: &[Self::Item]) -> Vec<Self::Item>;
}

impl<T> ArrayAdd for [T]
where
    T: Zero + Copy,
{
    type Item = T;
    fn add(&self, rhs: &[Self::Item]) -> Vec<Self::Item> {
        let mut c = vec![T::zero(); self.len().max(rhs.len())];
        c[..self.len()].copy_from_slice(self);
        c.add_assign(rhs);
        c
    }
}

pub trait ArrayAddAssign {
    type Item;
    fn add_assign(&mut self, rhs: &[Self::Item]);
}

impl<T> ArrayAddAssign for [T]
where
    T: Add<Output = T> + Copy,
{
    type Item = T;
    fn add_assign(&mut self, rhs: &[Self::Item]) {
        assert!(self.len() >= rhs.len());
        self.iter_mut().zip(rhs).for_each(|(x, a)| *x = *x + *a);
    }
}

impl<T> ArrayAddAssign for Vec<T>
where
    T: Zero + Add<Output = T> + Copy,
{
    type Item = T;
    fn add_assign(&mut self, rhs: &[Self::Item]) {
        if self.len() < rhs.len() {
            self.resize(rhs.len(), T::zero());
        }
        self.as_mut_slice().add_assign(rhs);
    }
}

pub trait ArraySub {
    type Item;
    fn sub(&self, rhs: &[Self::Item]) -> Vec<Self::Item>;
}

impl<T> ArraySub for [T]
where
    T: Zero + Sub<Output = T> + Copy,
{
    type Item = T;
    fn sub(&self, rhs: &[Self::Item]) -> Vec<Self::Item> {
        let mut c = vec![T::zero(); self.len().max(rhs.len())];
        c[..self.len()].copy_from_slice(self);
        c.sub_assign(rhs);
        c
    }
}

pub trait ArraySubAssign {
    type Item;
    fn sub_assign(&mut self, rhs: &[Self::Item]);
}

impl<T> ArraySubAssign for [T]
where
    T: Sub<Output = T> + Copy,
{
    type Item = T;
    fn sub_assign(&mut self, rhs: &[Self::Item]) {
        assert!(self.len() >= rhs.len());
        self.iter_mut().zip(rhs).for_each(|(x, a)| *x = *x - *a);
    }
}

impl<T> ArraySubAssign for Vec<T>
where
    T: Zero + Sub<Output = T> + Copy,
{
    type Item = T;
    fn sub_assign(&mut self, rhs: &[Self::Item]) {
        if self.len() < rhs.len() {
            self.resize(rhs.len(), T::zero());
        }
        self.as_mut_slice().sub_assign(rhs);
    }
}

pub trait ArrayDot {
    type Item;
    fn dot(&self, rhs: &[Self::Item]) -> Vec<Self::Item>;
}

impl<T> ArrayDot for [T]
where
    T: Mul<Output = T> + Copy,
{
    type Item = T;
    fn dot(&self, rhs: &[Self::Item]) -> Vec<Self::Item> {
        assert!(self.len() == rhs.len());
        self.iter().zip(rhs).map(|p| *p.0 * *p.1).collect()
    }
}

pub trait ArrayDotAssign {
    type Item;
    fn dot_assign(&mut self, rhs: &[Self::Item]);
}

impl<T> ArrayDotAssign for [T]
where
    T: MulAssign + Copy,
{
    type Item = T;
    fn dot_assign(&mut self, rhs: &[Self::Item]) {
        assert!(self.len() == rhs.len());
        self.iter_mut().zip(rhs).for_each(|(x, a)| *x *= *a);
    }
}

pub trait ArrayMul {
    type Item;
    fn mul(&self, rhs: &[Self::Item]) -> Vec<Self::Item>;
}

impl<T> ArrayMul for [T]
where
    T: Zero + One + Copy,
{
    type Item = T;
    fn mul(&self, rhs: &[Self::Item]) -> Vec<Self::Item> {
        if self.is_empty() || rhs.is_empty() {
            return vec![];
        }
        let mut res = vec![T::zero(); self.len() + rhs.len() - 1];
        for (i, a) in self.iter().enumerate() {
            for (res, b) in res[i..].iter_mut().zip(rhs.iter()) {
                *res = *res + *a * *b;
            }
        }
        res
    }
}

// transform でlen=1を指定すればNTTになる
pub trait ArrayConvolution {
    type Item;
    fn transform(&mut self, len: usize);
    fn inverse_transform(&mut self, len: usize);
    fn convolution(&self, rhs: &[Self::Item]) -> Vec<Self::Item>;
}

impl<const M: u32> ArrayConvolution for [ModInt<{ M }>] {
    type Item = ModInt<{ M }>;
    fn transform(&mut self, len: usize) {
        let f = self;
        let n = f.len();
        let k = (n / len).trailing_zeros() as usize;
        assert!(len << k == n);
        assert!(k <= ModInt::<{ M }>::ORDER);
        let pre = &NTTPrecalcHelper::<{ M }>::A;
        for ph in 1..=k {
            let p = len << (k - ph);
            let mut now = ModInt::one();
            for (i, f) in f.chunks_exact_mut(2 * p).enumerate() {
                let (x, y) = f.split_at_mut(p);
                for (x, y) in x.iter_mut().zip(y.iter_mut()) {
                    let l = *x;
                    let r = *y * now;
                    *x = l + r;
                    *y = l - r;
                }
                now *= pre.sum_e[(!i).trailing_zeros() as usize];
            }
        }
    }
    fn inverse_transform(&mut self, len: usize) {
        let f = self;
        let n = f.len();
        let k = (n / len).trailing_zeros() as usize;
        assert!(len << k == n);
        assert!(k <= ModInt::<{ M }>::ORDER);
        let pre = &NTTPrecalcHelper::<{ M }>::A;
        for ph in (1..=k).rev() {
            let p = len << (k - ph);
            let mut inow = ModInt::one();
            for (i, f) in f.chunks_exact_mut(2 * p).enumerate() {
                let (x, y) = f.split_at_mut(p);
                for (x, y) in x.iter_mut().zip(y.iter_mut()) {
                    let l = *x;
                    let r = *y;
                    *x = l + r;
                    *y = (l - r) * inow;
                }
                inow *= pre.sum_ie[(!i).trailing_zeros() as usize];
            }
        }
        let ik = ModInt::new(2).inv().pow(k as u64);
        for f in f.iter_mut() {
            *f *= ik;
        }
    }
    fn convolution(&self, rhs: &[Self::Item]) -> Vec<Self::Item> {
        if self.len().min(rhs.len()) <= 32 {
            return self.mul(rhs);
        }
        const PARAM: usize = 10;
        let size = self.len() + rhs.len() - 1;
        let mut k = 0;
        while (size + (1 << k) - 1) >> k > PARAM {
            k += 1;
        }
        let len = (size + (1 << k) - 1) >> k;
        let mut f = vec![ModInt::zero(); len << k];
        let mut g = vec![ModInt::zero(); len << k];
        f[..self.len()].copy_from_slice(self);
        g[..rhs.len()].copy_from_slice(rhs);
        f.transform(len);
        g.transform(len);
        let mut buf = [ModInt::zero(); 2 * PARAM - 1];
        let buf = &mut buf[..(2 * len - 1)];
        let pre = &NTTPrecalcHelper::<{ M }>::A;
        let mut now = ModInt::one();
        for (i, (f, g)) in f
            .chunks_exact_mut(2 * len)
            .zip(g.chunks_exact(2 * len))
            .enumerate()
        {
            let mut r = now;
            for (f, g) in f.chunks_exact_mut(len).zip(g.chunks_exact(len)) {
                buf.fill(ModInt::zero());
                for (i, f) in f.iter().enumerate() {
                    for (buf, g) in buf[i..].iter_mut().zip(g.iter()) {
                        *buf = *buf + *f * *g;
                    }
                }
                f.copy_from_slice(&buf[..len]);
                for (f, buf) in f.iter_mut().zip(buf[len..].iter()) {
                    *f = *f + r * *buf;
                }
                r = -r;
            }
            now *= pre.sum_e[(!i).trailing_zeros() as usize];
        }
        f.inverse_transform(len);
        f.truncate(self.len() + rhs.len() - 1);
        f
    }
}
// ---------- end array op ----------
// ---------- begin matrix ----------
#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct Matrix<T> {
    h: usize,
    w: usize,
    a: Box<[T]>,
}

impl<T> Matrix<T> {
    pub fn new(h: usize, w: usize, a: Vec<T>) -> Self {
        assert!(a.len() == h * w);
        Self {
            h,
            w,
            a: a.into_boxed_slice(),
        }
    }
    pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &[T]> {
        self.a.chunks_exact(self.w)
    }
    pub fn iter_mut(&mut self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &mut [T]> {
        self.a.chunks_exact_mut(self.w)
    }
    pub fn swap_row(&mut self, mut x: usize, mut y: usize) {
        assert!(x < self.h && y < self.h);
        if x == y {
            return;
        }
        if x > y {
            std::mem::swap(&mut x, &mut y);
        }
        let w = self.w;
        let (l, r) = self.a.split_at_mut(y * w);
        l[(x * w)..(x * w + w)].swap_with_slice(&mut r[..w]);
    }
    pub fn swap_col(&mut self, x: usize, y: usize) {
        assert!(x < self.w && y < self.w);
        for mat in self.iter_mut() {
            mat.swap(x, y);
        }
    }
}

impl<T> Matrix<T>
where
    T: Clone,
{
    pub fn to_vec(&self) -> Vec<Vec<T>> {
        self.iter().map(|a| Vec::from(a)).collect()
    }
    pub fn minor(&self, x: usize, y: usize) -> Self {
        assert!(x < self.h && y < self.w);
        let mut a = vec![];
        for (i, b) in self.iter().enumerate() {
            for (j, b) in b.iter().enumerate() {
                if i != x && j != y {
                    a.push(b.clone());
                }
            }
        }
        Self::new(self.h - 1, self.w - 1, a)
    }
}

impl<T> Matrix<T>
where
    T: Add<Output = T> + Clone,
{
    pub fn matadd(&self, rhs: &Self) -> Self {
        assert_eq!((self.h, self.w), (rhs.h, rhs.w));
        let mut res = self.clone();
        for (res, a) in res.a.iter_mut().zip(rhs.a.iter()) {
            *res = res.clone() + a.clone();
        }
        res
    }
}

impl<T> Matrix<T>
where
    T: Zero + Clone,
{
    pub fn zero(h: usize, w: usize) -> Self {
        Self::new(h, w, vec![T::zero(); h * w])
    }
    pub fn is_zero(&self) -> bool {
        self.a.iter().all(|a| a.is_zero())
    }
}

impl<T> Matrix<T>
where
    T: Zero + One + Clone,
{
    pub fn one(n: usize) -> Self {
        let mut res = Self::new(n, n, vec![T::zero(); n * n]);
        for (i, res) in res.iter_mut().enumerate() {
            res[i] = T::one();
        }
        res
    }
    pub fn is_one(&self) -> bool {
        assert!(self.h == self.w);
        for (i, a) in self.iter().enumerate() {
            for (j, a) in a.iter().enumerate() {
                if (i == j && !a.is_one()) || (i != j && !a.is_zero()) {
                    return false;
                }
            }
        }
        true
    }
}

impl<T> Matrix<T>
where
    T: Sub<Output = T> + Clone,
{
    pub fn matsub(&self, rhs: &Self) -> Self {
        assert_eq!((self.h, self.w), (rhs.h, rhs.w));
        let mut res = self.clone();
        for (res, a) in res.a.iter_mut().zip(rhs.a.iter()) {
            *res = res.clone() - a.clone();
        }
        res
    }
}

impl<T> Matrix<T>
where
    T: Zero + Mul<Output = T> + Clone,
{
    pub fn matmul(&self, rhs: &Self) -> Self {
        assert_eq!(self.w, rhs.h);
        let mut res = Self::new(self.h, rhs.w, vec![T::zero(); self.h * rhs.w]);
        for (res, a) in res.iter_mut().zip(self.iter()) {
            for (a, b) in a.iter().zip(rhs.iter()) {
                for (res, b) in res.iter_mut().zip(b.iter()) {
                    *res = res.clone() + a.clone() * b.clone();
                }
            }
        }
        res
    }
}

impl<T> Matrix<T>
where
    T: SemiRing + Clone,
{
    pub fn matpow(&self, mut k: usize) -> Self {
        assert_eq!(self.h, self.w);
        let n = self.h;
        let mut res = Self::one(n);
        let mut r = self.clone();
        while k > 0 {
            if k & 1 == 1 {
                res = res.matmul(&r);
            }
            r = r.matmul(&r);
            k >>= 1;
        }
        res
    }
}

impl<T> Matrix<T>
where
    T: Field + Copy + std::fmt::Debug,
{
    pub fn gaussian_elimination(&mut self) -> (usize, T) {
        let mut x = 0;
        let mut y = 0;
        let mut tmp = Vec::with_capacity(self.w);
        let mut det = T::one();
        while x < self.h && y < self.w {
            if let Some(pos) = (x..self.h).find(|a| !self[*a][y].is_zero()) {
                if x != pos {
                    det = -det;
                    self.swap_row(x, pos);
                }
                det = det * self[x][y];
                let inv = T::one() / self[x][y];
                for mat in self[x][y..].iter_mut() {
                    *mat = *mat * inv;
                }
                tmp.clear();
                tmp.extend_from_slice(&self[x]);
                for (i, mat) in self.iter_mut().enumerate() {
                    if i == x {
                        continue;
                    }
                    let v = mat[y];
                    for (mat, tmp) in mat[y..].iter_mut().zip(tmp[y..].iter()) {
                        *mat = *mat - v * *tmp;
                    }
                }
                x += 1;
            } else {
                det = T::zero();
            }
            y += 1;
        }
        (x, det)
    }
    pub fn determinant(&self) -> T {
        assert_eq!(self.h, self.w);
        self.clone().gaussian_elimination().1
    }
    pub fn inverse(&self) -> Option<Self> {
        assert_eq!(self.h, self.w);
        let n = self.h;
        let mut mat = Self::zero(n, 2 * n);
        for (i, (mat, a)) in mat.iter_mut().zip(self.iter()).enumerate() {
            mat[..n].copy_from_slice(a);
            mat[n + i] = T::one();
        }
        let (_, det) = mat.gaussian_elimination();
        if det.is_zero() {
            return None;
        }
        let mut a = Vec::with_capacity(n * n);
        for mat in mat.iter() {
            a.extend_from_slice(&mat[n..]);
        }
        Some(Self::new(n, n, a))
    }
}

impl<T> Index<usize> for Matrix<T> {
    type Output = [T];
    fn index(&self, x: usize) -> &Self::Output {
        let w = self.w;
        &self.a[(x * w)..((x + 1) * w)]
    }
}

impl<T> IndexMut<usize> for Matrix<T> {
    fn index_mut(&mut self, x: usize) -> &mut Self::Output {
        let w = self.w;
        &mut self.a[(x * w)..((x + 1) * w)]
    }
}
// ---------- end matrix ----------
// ---------- begin segment tree Point Update Range Query ----------
pub struct SegmentTreePURQ<T, F> {
    n: usize,
    size: usize,
    data: Vec<T>,
    e: T,
    op: F,
}

impl<T, F> SegmentTreePURQ<T, F>
where
    T: Clone,
    F: Fn(&T, &T) -> T,
{
    pub fn new(n: usize, e: T, op: F) -> Self {
        assert!(n > 0);
        let size = n.next_power_of_two();
        let data = vec![e.clone(); 2 * size];
        SegmentTreePURQ {
            n,
            size,
            data,
            e,
            op,
        }
    }
    pub fn update_tmp(&mut self, x: usize, v: T) {
        assert!(x < self.n);
        self.data[x + self.size] = v;
    }
    pub fn update_all(&mut self) {
        for i in (1..self.size).rev() {
            self.data[i] = (self.op)(&self.data[2 * i], &self.data[2 * i + 1]);
        }
    }
    pub fn update(&mut self, x: usize, v: T) {
        assert!(x < self.n);
        let mut x = x + self.size;
        self.data[x] = v;
        x >>= 1;
        while x > 0 {
            self.data[x] = (self.op)(&self.data[2 * x], &self.data[2 * x + 1]);
            x >>= 1;
        }
    }
    pub fn find(&self, l: usize, r: usize) -> T {
        assert!(l <= r && r <= self.n);
        if l == r {
            return self.e.clone();
        }
        let mut l = self.size + l;
        let mut r = self.size + r;
        let mut x = self.e.clone();
        let mut y = self.e.clone();
        while l < r {
            if l & 1 == 1 {
                x = (self.op)(&x, &self.data[l]);
                l += 1;
            }
            if r & 1 == 1 {
                r -= 1;
                y = (self.op)(&self.data[r], &y);
            }
            l >>= 1;
            r >>= 1;
        }
        (self.op)(&x, &y)
    }
    pub fn max_right<P>(&self, l: usize, f: P) -> usize
    where
        P: Fn(&T) -> bool,
    {
        assert!(l <= self.n);
        assert!(f(&self.e));
        if l == self.n {
            return self.n;
        }
        let mut l = l + self.size;
        let mut sum = self.e.clone();
        while {
            l >>= l.trailing_zeros();
            let v = (self.op)(&sum, &self.data[l]);
            if !f(&v) {
                while l < self.size {
                    l <<= 1;
                    let v = (self.op)(&sum, &self.data[l]);
                    if f(&v) {
                        sum = v;
                        l += 1;
                    }
                }
                return l - self.size;
            }
            sum = v;
            l += 1;
            l.count_ones() > 1
        } {}
        self.n
    }
    pub fn min_left<P>(&self, r: usize, f: P) -> usize
    where
        P: Fn(&T) -> bool,
    {
        assert!(r <= self.n);
        assert!(f(&self.e));
        if r == 0 {
            return 0;
        }
        let mut r = r + self.size;
        let mut sum = self.e.clone();
        while {
            r -= 1;
            while r > 1 && r & 1 == 1 {
                r >>= 1;
            }
            let v = (self.op)(&self.data[r], &sum);
            if !f(&v) {
                while r < self.size {
                    r = 2 * r + 1;
                    let v = (self.op)(&self.data[r], &sum);
                    if f(&v) {
                        sum = v;
                        r -= 1;
                    }
                }
                return r + 1 - self.size;
            }
            sum = v;
            (r & (!r + 1)) != r
        } {}
        0
    }
}
// ---------- end segment tree Point Update Range Query ----------